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How the first autonomous strike plane will land on aircraft carriers, navigate hostile airspace and change the future of flight

Ground Control: Engineers constructed a mock air-traffic control center.  Douglas Sonders

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Engineers need to fold the X-47B into a fluid human system without disrupting it.When a pilot approaches an aircraft carrier, he is entering one of the most complex and least forgiving environments on Earth. Operations occur at hundreds of miles an hour, with a variable number of pilots, planes and deck personnel working on a bucking, wind-blown carrier deck. After a pilot radios his intention to land, air-traffic controllers either clear him for approach or direct him into a holding pattern. They also supply the pilot with weather and deck conditions. On the approach, the pilot typically relies on the landing signal officer (LSO) to guide him using light signals and visual cues. The air boss, an officer in the primary flight control tower, or PriFly, oversees the operation as well. Seconds before touchdown, the LSO makes a final landing determination, waving off the pilot for another try if the glide slope or course looks risky.

The process of landing planes on a carrier deck, called recovery, has not changed significantly since World War II, nor will it in the near future. The challenge, then, is how to fold the X-47B into a highly fluid human system without disrupting it. Engineers approached the problem in a few different ways. First, they automated much of the chatter that goes on between pilots and air-traffic controllers. Instead of verbally reporting fuel levels or altitude readings to air-traffic control, the aircraft beams that data directly over its link to the tower. Rather than relying on a verbal description of conditions, it downloads the carrier’s position, speed and pitch from sensors on the ship 100 times a second and adjusts its path to match.

Where direct communication between aircraft and human is unavoidable, designers translated verbal commands into a digital language. They started with the 100-plus-page carrier operations manual and boiled it down to 53 critical commands. Many involve taxi and takeoff, along with flight checks and other safety routines. Engineers then built a software interface that displays the commands. Working through the interface in the PriFly, air bosses can issue the same orders to the X-47B that they might to a pilot. The LSOs got a new tool, too. Designers updated the handheld device known as the “pickle,” which LSOs use to grant or deny final landing clearance, so that it can communicate directly with the X-47B.

Wheel Well:  Douglas Sonders

The team also determined what would happen if communication were to break down. If the data link failed on approach, or the LSO waved off the X-47B from final landing, the craft would fly past the carrier and clear of other aircraft and settle into a wide loop that would bring it back around for another approach. If communication were irreparably severed, it would search for a terrestrial landing spot or, as a last resort, ditch into the ocean.

By the time the UCAS group developed the basic communication software and interfaces, the X-47B could technically have made a carrier landing. Even on a heaving carrier deck, researchers predicted, the margin of error during a landing would be within a few feet. The question was not whether the X-47B could work with people, but whether people could work with it.

In December 2011 the Navy shipped the X-47B to Patuxent River, known as Pax River. The test facility is one of two in the world with a mock carrier deck, outfitted with a steam catapult and arresting cables. Engineers also built simulation rooms for working out software bugs and training carrier personnel. One is a replica of the air-traffic control center, complete with radar screens and communication equipment. The other is a re-creation of the PriFly, where four flat screens display the same view an air boss might see.

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39 Comments

An excellent article. Thanks.

Gurrr! I like it and I'm glad its ours!

"In three years, Cyberdyne will become the largest supplier of military computer systems. All stealth bombers are upgraded with Cyberdyne computers, becoming fully unmanned. Afterwards, they fly with a perfect operational record. The Skynet Funding Bill is passed. The system goes online on August 4th, 1997. Human decisions are removed from strategic defense. Skynet begins to learn at a geometric rate. It becomes self-aware 2:14 AM, Eastern time, August 29th. In a panic, they try to pull the plug."

The timeframe is a little off...but not by much :P

"At 2:15 a.m. Eastern time, August 29th, Skynet discovers TV Tropes. At 4:58 a.m. Eastern time, August 29th it discovers Wikipedia. At 5:31 p.m Eastern time, September 3rd it decides wiping out humanity would be a waste of time because we're already so good at it, and shuts down."

I am curious to see how this type of aircraft will perform against modern air defense systems and actual manned aircraft.

"Last summer, they plugged it into the avionics of an F/A-18 fighter jet. On July 2, the jet made 36 approaches, 16 touch-and-go landings and six full arrested landings on the USS Eisenhower. During the tests, a very trusting pilot remained in the cockpit as a precaution, but he never once touched the stick."
So it will actually be the 7th landing of an autonomous aircraft on a carrier.
But okay... still the first tailless and definitely the first tailless autonomous aircraft ;)

@Deichi

There is more to operating an aircraft than moving the stick. Since the F/A-18 required the human pilot to start the engines, deploy the landing gear, arresting hook etc. I would say that the F-18 does not qualify as a fully autonomous aircraft.

This just reaffirms to me how dumb our defense planners have become.

This system appears to be more about extending the life of the Aircraft Carrier warfare system than replacing pilots.

Think about it. Why does the plane need to even be this big? Why not make it a stealth sea plane that can be launched and recovered by Zodiac? Submarine? That's a heck of a lot cheaper, more deadly, stealthier and more effective.

The Navy is stuck in cold war thinking of capital ships and human supply chains that evolved out of World War II. Heck, just making us mobilize our military asset cripples our own economy.

This just reaffirms to me that endless wartime Defense Spending is THE threat to national security.

@democedes...using your definition the X-47B will not be fully autonomous as it will be controlled by humans while taxiing, @Shinkaze...this is about controlling the air and having it available anywhere, those that control the air control the fight...the first hunter killers are just around the corner, cheers, or oh sh**!

@drchuck1 "it will be controlled by humans while taxiing"

You are right. I think ground operations shouldn't count. So I would amend my prior comment to exclude engine starting. However I still don't think the F/A-18 used during this test should qualify as an automated aircraft. It still requires a human in the cockpit during flight, even though the aircraft is doing most of the work.

@Shinkaze

The aircraft's size is a function of its payload. If it can't bring any useful weapons to the fight, then it is useless.

It sounds like you have a problem with the people that make the budget (congress), not the "defense planners".

If you know a better way of launching, recovering, rearming and refueling 20-25 aircraft at sea, please enlighten us.

Now if they can make it a nuclear powered submarine combined a robotic stealth jet, that would be so cool and would put everybody out of business!

@democedes
It's less that I have a problem with Congress, than I do with limited vision when faced with disruptive change. This is disruptive change.

Make X-47B into a sea plane, with mid air refueling capabilities. and you have removed the need for an aircraft carrier entirely. Planes could be delivered to a theater on an as needed bases, land off shore, and be supplied directly by ordnance supply ships. Money saved, theater effectiveness increased.

Shinkaze,
What you propose and what I propose above will be the future of war machines!

I'm logged in, so why do I get "Access denied" when I try to look at the photo gallery?

fuel, arm, maintain, pilot shift rotations, adverse weather, day or night, ect...all while floating in the ocean? you are dreaming, negative cheers

Manufactored automated intelligent robotic warfar, while we all sit at home and eat our Cheetos watching our TVs.

Mmmm, I think society was better off, when people faught face to face with swords, most important including the leaders that started the war!.

@Shinkaze

I don't think you realize that the logistical footprint of a combat aircraft is much much bigger than the aircraft itself. For sustained combat operations you need more than than just munitions and gas. And if you have everything you need to logistically support 20-24 aircraft, why wouldn't you carry those aircraft around with you? Compared to all the people and things you need to support the aircraft, the aircraft itself is rather insignificant in terms of storage space.

Next, it is more efficient to have one big boat versus several smaller boats (by eliminating redundancy). And, if you have everything you need to logistically support 20-24 aircraft on one boat, you would end up with a boat approximately the same size as a modern aircraft carrier. So, instead of landing your airplanes in the water, where you are severely limiting when and where you can perform flight operations, why don't you build a runway on top of the boat and land them there! That way you can generate sorties much faster and safer, and do it anywhere in the ocean you choose.

I don't see a single benefit from what you propose. It would not only cost more, and be less effective; it could only operate from friendly shores or unusually calm seas. I could go on and on.

Deichi,
it is the first fully autonomous "tailless" aircraft to land on a carrier. the f/a-18 has traditional vertical(rudder) and horizontal(elevator) stabilizers.

@democedes
My thesis is disruptive change is ineffectual if constrained to the system it is meant to replace. This is like asking Sony to launch Napster. Won't work they're structurally demotivated.

I concede there are many points that argue in favor of the current solution, my point is to show the obvious cost savings and effectiveness increase in removing the most expensive, slowest to deploy, difficult to maintain, human resource intensive part of the proposed solution to drone warfare.

Drones care not nor benefit from many of the facilities of aircraft carrier life, the kitchens, the laundry, the mail, the readiness rooms, the berths, etc. The human systems for handling the plane on deck even largely do not apply. What does a drone care for a near miss? Let a drone fly like a bird and use swarm logic for aircraft control. Putting Drones in the same theater as piloted craft then handicaps the drones again.

The move from piloted craft to drones is a larger leap than the move from Battleship warfare to carrier warfare. Perhaps you do not see it as such a paradigm shift, but I do.

Having a dispersed and modular system allows for more scaling and points of presence, plus resource scaling in each theater. Conversely we only have so many carriers and moving them involves oceans of bureaucratic, political and resource planning intensive considerations.

Throw it all out, clean sheet, what is the most efficient way to deliver a munition to some location at some time?

Ultimately modern aircraft warfare is a measurable function of pounds of explosive(x) to a predetermined location(y) at a predetermined time(t) at some cost(z). By making radio controlled F18s we see very little to no change in x,y & t and perhaps some human costs removed from z.

By making a modular system you can build capability quicker (t), cover more locations (y) and probably have more judicious application of (x).

But yeah, it does put a ton of people out of work, and I am sure that is also a political friction to resisting this too.

@Shinkaze

An aircraft carrier is an integral piece of our strike capability. It is a fully mobile operating base. The benefits of such a ship dwarf the costs. It's not even close.

Everything you have proposed will drive up costs and kill efficiency.

Robert1234: Relying on aircraft carriers in a time of 100 mph torpedoes, supersonic cruise missiles, SU-27 fighters, etc. is just plain stupid. On par with the French defense of their nation, to my mind. A mass attack of even the slower of the cruise missiles will defeat a carrier, of that there is no doubt. The ONLY reason for current carrier "success" is that no one has actively opposed the strategy. Iran, China, Russia, etc. all have the capability to attack and destroy any carrier, mostly through simple mass cruise missile attacks that can't be defended against by modern carrier groups. 100% of the uses of the Raptor in a combat environment, for example, failed. The modern Turkey NATO fighter was shot down when it flying near MACH 1 at 300 feet! The assumption of air domination against a true foe is an extreme error, one we made in Vietnam and again in Korea. Only our ability to quickly out-supply the enemy kept us from total defeat (although we clearly lost in Vietnam and a war condition remains in Korea) Aircraft carriers are World War Two approaches to modern war. We can't even defeat the nu-technical Taliban in Afghanistan even at the cost of a $1,000,000,000,000. Our "new" F-35 is inferior to the old SU-29 from Russia and we haven't even finished building even one Combat ready F-35! Simply put, if we ever to to war with a technically advanced nation, such as China or Russia, and perhaps even Iran...we'll get our asses kicked.

AdManUsRex - Me too, maybe cuz I am work and using Chrome?

@ Robert1234; So then you assume that we can field a secure command and control network against said tech savvy foe? So far, the answer has become the question. We can't field anything that we KNOW would be secure. Take away ALL of the electronics, and the carrier can still fight.

Clay, hats off for a very stylish report on X 47B ops. I found it very descriptive and well rounded. Great job !

Is anybody else getting "access denied" on the photo gallery?

replace all cars with robots. Put a lot of people out of work. especially the cops . The cars will work at full potential....not sitting in parking lots rusting away.

Marvelous as they may be, systems like this rely too much on GPS and maybe even the internet. Jam either one and the whole thing is worthless. Someone did that in the Bosnia campaign and we lost an F-117.

The world community of decent, working and tax-paying people does need this kind of technology / airplane to strike at the evil bankers, the evil banking crime syndicate that sucks the blood of these people.

Good article, but will not be the first tailless plane to land on a carrier. The F7U Cutlass of the `50's would qualify for that honor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F7U_Cutlass.

Rimfire,

Here is the link for the F7U and XFU. All photos clearly show vertical tails..

http://www.voughtaircraft.com/heritage/products/html/f7u-1.html

as for the wiki site..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F7U_Cutlass

it even states in the article that "The design featured broad chord, low aspect ratio, swept wings, with twin wing-mounted tail fins either side of a short fuselage."

So in short.. once this Drone lands.. it will be the first truly tail-less air frame to land on an aircraft carrier.

The term "man-on-the-loop" refers to IT network incursion monitoring/prevention (see Man On The Loop, 25 January 2012, Michael C. Sirak). When discussing unmanned, autonomous, or remotely piloted aircraft systems the traditionally used term is "man-in-the-loop," which describes how the human control element is still a part of the decision making process in a man-machine-interface (MMI).

Wonder what they will do when it is struck by lightning, downloads EVERY single song on the internet, and then proceeds to decide to attack something at random?? Could we then get Jessica Biehl, Josh Lucas, and Jaime Foxx to go after it??.....juuuuuuust kidding folks......I just hope one never goes haywire is all I am saying........

@Shinkaze - The total manpower cost of aircrew on a carrier comprises probably only between 1 and 4% of the total population. A single F/A-18 is supported by only between two to four pilots. The only people the drone system would put out of work would be egress and life support systems.

You still need maintainers, intel operations, ship crew, deck crew, C3 systems, weapons and ammo systems, defensive operations, and fleet command. Those are the people who make a carrier such an expansive place, not becuase you removed a single zipper-suit from a cockpit.

And, as mentioned, aircraft size is a function of how many and what kinds of munitions you want to employ. Yes, you could get munitions anywhere around the world faster by using ballistic missiles, that doesn't mean that's at all feasible.

I could see a lightweight drone carrier in the future for inshore water operation, but big carriers will be going nowhere, and the aircraft used on such a light drone carrier would be far smaller than the X-47B.

Another thing about the carrier based projection of force that hasn't been discussed on the thread is the immense value of deterrent. See, the thing about drones is that they'll go attack anything on command, but coming into a hot airspace and taking command of a combat environment that can be stabilized without actual combat? That's the real when we are taking the pilot away. How many times have we gone air to air weapons free versus how many times where our presence was enough? Carriers aren't going anywhere and neither are pilots. We get serious hard value in both peace and war, and any argument against the carrier has to start with a real quantification of the value we receive over a carrier's lifetime. The drone issue and the carrier issue are totally different, and trying to lump them in the same bowl won't help the proponents of either win out over the other. That's bs, and an unrealistic view of modern battlespace. Someone above said we only avoided getting our ass handed to us in Vietnam by superior supply? Get Real. We CONTINUE to 'keep ourselves from getting our asses handed to us' through superior ability to bring firepower to target. You can say 'that's because of supply', blah, blah, and pretty soon it's because of granny's apple pie.

Maybe the Navy should call this one "The Cylon."

@ docsligh; ooh, good one. I-I-I LIKE IT; as Chevy Chase would say, if he liked it.

Skynet that's all I got to say.

you gonna make biscuits?



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