Life is full of stressful situations. Whether you’ve stepped in front of a speeding bicycle or are bombing a job interview, here’s the chain reaction that’s triggered.
1. Alarm Signal
When you hear, see, or otherwise perceive a threat, nerve signals whisk the message to your brain.
2. Brain Trigger
The signals reach the amygdala—a brain region that helps with decision-making and the regulation of emotions. The amygdala in turn alerts the hypothalamus, which controls hormone production.
3. Hormone Cascade
The fast-acting part of the nervous system releases adrenaline. Meanwhile, the hypothalamus produces corticotropin-releasing hormone, initiating a sequence that finishes with the production of the stress hormone cortisol.
4. Messengers
Cortisol, epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline), and other chemicals enter the bloodstream and travel throughout the body.
5. The Key Master
Nearly all cells—in all organs and tissues—are studded with proteins called glucocorticoid receptors. Cortisol fits into them like a key to a lock.
6. Response
Cortisol boosts blood sugar. Epinephrine makes the heart pound, increasing the oxygen flowing into major muscles. You’re primed for fight or flight.
Signs Of Strain
Heart Rate
Your heart races in tense situations, which may be one of the reasons Tulane University researchers found heart attacks were three times as common in New Orleans post-Katrina.
Blood Pressure
Notice that your forehead vein throbs when you’re about to blow up? Stress boosts the force against the artery walls as the heart pumps blood.
Hormones
Changes in cortisol and other hormones register in your saliva, indicating not only stress, but according to a recent study, possibly also how well you respond to it.
Inflammatory Markers
Thinking about stressors can actually increase inflammation and the level of inflammatory markers, such as c-reactive protein, circulating in the bloodstream.
Allostatic Load
A fancy word for the toll taken by all of your chronic stresses, as measured by the cumulative wear and tear on the cardiovascular system and other organs.
There Are Different Kinds Of Stress
Acute Stress (Short-Term)
Immediate threats trigger a fight-or-flight response. In addition to flooding the bloodstream with hormones, the body releases small proteins called cytokines, which help regulate the immune response. Until Firdaus Dhabhar, a neuro-immunologist at Stanford University, started studying their effects in the 1990s, scientists didn’t understand that acute stress can actually enhance the immune system, improving your health.
Chronic Stress (Long-Term)
Everyday annoyances like heavy traffic or an overwhelming inbox—or sustained crises, such as unemployment or caring for a sick relative—can cause the body to activate the stress response constantly. The body and brain can’t reset hormones and inflammatory chemicals to normal levels, damaging the immune system and making you more likely to get sick.
This article was originally published in the March 2015 issue of Popular Science, as part of our “Science of Stress” feature. To find out more about stress and how to beat it, read on.
