Inside a large industrial building in Jamaica, Queens, I sighed, taking a quick break from ripping staples off of fabric. My back was to the windows, but even if I wanted to look outside, I’d have a problem. A mountain of trash bags blocked any view, each stuffed with thousands of tiny fabric scraps from fashion companies around New York City. I had signed up to sort through the material, but after working for three long hours alongside five other volunteers, we had barely made it through five bags. Dozens remained. I was at the headquarters of FabScrap, a textile recycling company that processes material leftover from fashion production. They’re just one of many well-intentioned textile recycling companies that have bumped up against a painful reality: There is simply too much clothing to process. As it stands, 84 percent of all unwanted clothes end up in landfills, according to Newsweek. In New York City alone, this comes to about 400 million pounds thrown away annually—6 percent of the city’s waste stream. Traditionally, unwanted secondhand clothes are sent abroad, but some countries have started to reject the goods. Technology to transform the old clothes into new items isn’t ready yet, so many recyclers and designers are focusing on something else: getting consumers to buy less. “We have to educate consumers about the mindless consumption being forced down our throats,” says Adam Baruchowitz, the founder of Wearable Collections, a secondhand clothing retailer. “We need to be getting people to think twice about how quickly they consume things.”
If you’ve ever dropped off a bag of last year’s clothes at Goodwill, you probably didn’t think you were contributing to waste. Although donating your clothes does extend their lifespan, the issue is their eventual destinations.
“A lot of people have a misconception that their donations are ending up on the back of someone in need in your community,” says Jessica Schrieber, FabScrap’s founder. That’s not what happens, she says.
The nicest clothes are resold in local thrift stores, but the vast majority of items head overseas, wrapped into enormous plastic bundles. Pakistan is currently the biggest importer of used clothes, with 11 percent of the market, followed by Malaysia, with 7.1 percent, according to M.I.T.'s Observatory of Economic Complexity. When clothes are in no condition to be worn again, they are shredded and put in insulation or furniture.
And while it's good for the environment to reuse these clothes, it creates ethical quandries. The U.S. has been criticized for the practice, which can erode local clothing markets and traditions.
“No one really wants to be another country’s dumping ground,” Baruchowitz says.
Recently, three East African countries stood up to the industry and initiated a ban on secondhand clothing—and felt strong pushback from American businesses. Since these East African markets are worth over $43 million, the loss could mean a blow to the American secondhand clothing industry—and that the clothes get shipped to a U.S. landfill instead.
Even though exporting used clothes extends their life cycle, they still wind up in a landfill. Recyclers dream of finding alternative solutions.
“While there’s been fast fashion, there’s been fast sorting, too,” Baruchowitz says. “We need to slow down and imagine how to reuse these materials.”
Meanwhile, American consumers are increasingly interested in buying secondhand clothing and might not be ready to scrap the current shopping model just yet. According to Forbes, the market is predicted to rise 11 percent—to $33 billion—by 2021. Trying to capitalize on this interest are designers like Tara St. James, founder of Study NY and a professor of zero-waste design at the Pratt Institute. She is hoping to take things one step further, by encouraging customers to buy less and buy sustainable designs.
St. James is not only interested in addressing issues in secondhand clothing recycling but also the issues in traditional fashion production.
“Most of the time it’s 50 collections a year—product comes straight off the runway in a couple weeks. It’s shockingly fast,” says St. James. These traditional designs create waste during the production process by using cheaper fabrics and spawning hundreds of scraps (like I was sorting at FabScrap), and afterwards, by encouraging customers to constantly buy more clothes.
St. James, like many other zero-waste designers, has turned this model on its head. She incorporates scraps straight into new designs and debuts new clothes to coordinate with preexisting staples. Every piece is made with high-quality raw products, so that they can be worn for as long as possible.
It’s a hard balance though, to incorporate her idealism and still make a profit. “I want to make a quality product with good resale value—and it’s hard to do that and tell your customers not to buy more stuff,” St. James says.
Even when zero-waste clothes wear out, there’s no quick fix for getting rid of them. Consumers can either donate the clothes or throw them away. While slow fashion is trying to change how we shop, the current reality is that we are creating millions of pounds of textile waste with few good solutions.
“Textiles become a commodity,” Fabscrap’s Schrieber says. “We need to think of recycling and reusing the same way that we think of [plastic] bottles and cans.”
Plastic goods are typically melted down to be remade into another bottle or can, and there's the same hope for clothing. Instead of heading to the landfill, a number of companies are aiming to reuse the same fibers by melting them down and using the product to create new fabric. Evrnu, in Seattle, is working on the problem in the U.S., and recently H&M and Marks & Spencer, in the U.K., debuted clothing made from old fibers (none of these businesses would comment for this story). These changes are happening slowly. Sweden recently drew attention for burning H&M clothing for fuel, since that's still cheaper than trying to reuse the low-quality fabric.
This has some in the business doubting that advancements in recycling technology can truly save the day.
“I don’t think [tech] is the ultimate answer, but I do think it’s a valuable bridge solution,” Baruchowitz says.
For him, the problem lies simply with how much we’re consuming. The ideal would be for consumers to buy less and throw less away, he says. For St. James, this means creating high-quality clothing with sustainable textiles; Baruchowitz and Schrieber are focusing on education. Both FabScrap and Wearable Collections are soon moving to larger locations, trying to enlist more volunteers to sort clothes and learn about the recycling process.
“People want to contribute,” Schrieber says. “It’s such an educational moment for people to put their hands on the mountain that we’ve collected and understand that it would have gone to landfill.”
This article is provided by Scienceline, a project of New York University's Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program.
