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The 100 Greatest Innovations Of 2015

Every December, Popular Science honors the 100 greatest innovations of the year. Brilliant, revolutionary, and bound to shape the future—these are the Best of What's New.

By Popular Science Staff

October 23, 2015

HTC Vive: Walk in a Virtual World — Virtual reality is not that real if you can't walk around and interact with the world. The HTC Vive is the first virtual-reality system to offer that level of immersion. It uses two base stations to track your position as you move around a room. Hand controllers let you interact with objects in the virtual world (and throw them across the room, if you want). The Vive is powered by the new digital gaming distribution service, Steam, which was built by gaming powerhouse Valve. For now, Vive is still a developer edition, but HTC promises that the headset will hit shelves before the end of the year.Jonathon Kambouris

ZTE Spro 2 — Wiring a projector can quickly turn into a tangled mess with video cables, power cords, and ethernet cables. The ZTE Spro 2 kills cables altogether. It's a portable 4G LTE hotspot, Android device, and wireless projector in one. The size of a book, the Spro 2 has a 5-inch touchscreen that runs the full Android OS, meaning you can project any app (such as Netflix and Instagram). The device can also provide Internet for up to 10 devices. From $400Jonathon Kambouris

GoPro Hero4 Black: The Smallest 4K Action Camera — The most popular action camera now shoots 4K video—and it's still just the size of a Zippo lighter. The Hero4 Black records ultra-high-definition video at 30 frames per second and HD video at 120 frames per second—fast enough for detailed slow-motion. The camera pairs with an app that lets users frame shots or review footage on the go. The GoPro Hero4 Black has also been used to film parts of the feature film The Martian, and if it's good enough for that, it's probably good enough for you. $500Jonathon Kambouris

Meccano Meccanoid G15 KS: A DIY Robot You Can Talk To — The Meccanoid G15 KS is a build-it-yourself robot made from 1,223 parts that can rove around, crack jokes, and respond to questions. It's controlled by a tiny computer and stands nearly 4 feet tall when constructed. Users operate Meccanoid using a voice-command system. They can teach it new moves by moving its limbs like a puppet or using a drag-and-drop avatar in its companion app. Makers can rebuild Meccanoid into any number of forms, including a scorpion, raptor, and more. $400Jonathon Kambouris

Philips Fidelio B5: Surround Sound in a Sound Bar — The Fidelio B5 looks like a regular sound bar, but the ends detach, so you can move them around the room, creating surround sound without the wires. Philips embedded a calibration system in each, so volume and balance self-adjust to provide the best sound possible. The two wireless speakers can also be moved to different rooms, morphing into portable Bluetooth speakers. That means you'll spend your next movie night engulfed in sound rather than huddled around the television. $900Philips

Red Epic Dragon: A Camera Built for the Future — The Epic Dragon by Red captures more detail than any other camera in the world. It's the first to include a 6K image sensor—a higher resolution than most monitors can display—giving filmmakers more flexibility while editing. The quality is so good, scientists recently shuttled one to the International Space Station to film experiments. Head to NASA's YouTube page for unbelievable footage from the ISS. From $24,000Red Digital Cinema Camera Company

Nvidia Shield: Blazing-fast Media Console — There's nothing worse than having your movie marathon rudely interrupted by image stuttering or buffering. That won't happen with the Nvidia Shield. The first 4K streaming set-top box employs the world's fastest mobile chip, Tegra X1, and gigabit ethernet to ensure it never hits a speed bump. It also doubles as a gaming console and runs on Android TV—so thousands of movies and games are already available. From $200Jonathon Kambouris

IMAX Laser: Best Way To Watch A Movie — IMAX has always offered a fully immersive cinema experience, but its projection system lacked a certain clarity. IMAX Laser fixes that problem. It provides the highest contrasts (and color range) of any projector ever. It also doubles the number of surround sound speakers in the theater to 12.IMAX

Sphero BB-8 A Star: A *Star Wars* Droid You Can Own — When The Force Awakens' trailer debuted this summer, the movie's star robot, BB-8, rolled onto the screen and into our hearts. Now, it's rolling into our living rooms. This 4-inch toy version has three modes: driving, which lets users direct the BB-8 using a joystick on your smartphone screen; holographic messaging, which uses the phone's camera and an augmented-reality engine to turn videos into Star Wars holographic messages (like in A New Hope); and patrol, which automates BB-8, documenting any collisions in its app. $150Jonathon Kambouris

Samsung SUHD Series: A 4K Television For The Masses — The Samsung SUHD series matches the quality of sharpest TVs on the market—but at half the price. The trick is in the nanocrystals, which are layered on cheap-to-produce blue LEDs and allow more backlight to shine through to viewers. That means sharper contrasts, more-accurate color, and brighter images fill the screen. The SUHD series also uses an eight-core processor to power the TV's smart operating system, letting users access Netflix, YouTube, and Playstation Now without the need for a set-top box. From $4,500Samsung

Sling TV: TV For Cord Cutters — Sling TV is a subscription service that lets users watch live and on-demand TV shows on Amazon Fire TV, Roku, Xbox One, Mac, Windows, iOS, Android, and some smart TVs. Popular channels like ESPN, CNN, and Cartoon Network can be streamed from anywhere in the U.S.—meaning the whole family will have something to watch. There are no DVR capabilities with Sling, but the upside is there are also no contracts. Starts at $20 per monthDish Network

Star Wars Battlefront: Biggest Videogame Space Battle — For decades, Star Wars fans could only imagine what it might be like to battle in the snowy tundra of Hoth or the deserts of Tatooine. In Star Wars Battlefront, they can finally play out their favorite scenes (or rewrite history in this fictional universe). The game allows up to 40 players at a time, meaning there's plenty of war zone action. Weapons include lightsabers, X-wings, AT-ATs, and speeder bikes. Oh, yeah. And you can play as Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader. May the Force be with you. $60Electronic Arts

Boeing 777X: Ultra-Efficient Folding Wings — Wing size matters—bigger wings generate greater lift, which can improve an airplane’s fuel efficiency. With a 235-foot wingspan, one of the largest in the industry, Boeing’s new 777X twin-engine airliner will undercut its competitors in both fuel consumption and operating costs per seat. Thanks to their carbon-fiber composition, the wings are both strong and flexible—and the tips even fold up so today’s airports can accommodate their wider span.Courtesy Boeing

Rosetta: Comets Finally Get Their Closeup — For the first time in history, humans put a spacecraft in orbit around a comet and, in another first, landed on it. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft traveled 10 years and nearly 4 billion miles to Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Once it arrived in November 2014, the Philae lander descended to the comet's surface, bounced, and came to rest in a dark area near the edge of a crater. Unable to recharge through its solar panels, Philae went into hibernation—but not before transmitting data about 67P's makeup, internal structure, and wealth of organic molecules. As the comet hurtled toward the sun, the Rosetta orbiter stuck with it, observing as its frozen gases warmed and escaped into space. This data should provide valuable clues to the history of our solar system.Courtesy European Space Agency

Sikorsky Aircraft S-97 Raider: Fastest Helicopter — Designed by Sikorsky as an attack and transport vehicle for the U.S. military, the S-97 Raider has a top speed of 276 miles per hour, nearly twice that of a conventional helicopter. It's also quieter, can climb higher, has a smaller turning radius, and—thanks to a rigid coaxial rotor and pusher propeller—is more precise and maneuverable. The full-size vehicle, which can carry two crew members and six soldiers, took its maiden flight this May.Courtesy Sikorsky Aircraft

DHI Parcelcopter: Real-World Drone Delivery — In late 2014, shipping company DHL began making several deliveries a day to the remote North Sea island of Juist, Germany, dropping off medical supplies and other necessary goods. And for the first time in a real-world program, autonomous flying drones performed the work. The Parcelcopters persisted even in high winds, rain, snow, and cold temperatures. The pilot program proved that, in case of emergency, deliveries needn’t rely on pre-scheduled, human-operated services.Courtesy DHL

New Horizons: Voyage To Pluto — When New Horizons launched almost 10 years ago, our sharpest image of Pluto was a fuzzy ball. This summer, the mission's flyby captured stunningly clear photos of the dwarf planet—and the never-before-seen heart-shaped area on its surface. In addition to cameras, New Horizons carries the most comprehensive suite of instruments ever sent to an unexplored world. The probe will study Pluto's atmosphere and composition, and teach us more about how our solar system formed.Courtesy NASA

X-Avionics Xavion: The App That Will Make Emergency Landings — If its pilot passes out, an airplane is in serious trouble. But the new Xavion app from X-Avionics might save it. Used in conjunction with an autopilot interface, the app can take over a craft's controls and guide it to a safe, albeit hard, landing. For an active pilot in an emergency situation, the app provides routes and beacons to the nearest airport, acting as a virtual co-pilot.Eric Adams

A small white and silver plane in a corrugated-metal hangar — For the executive who has everything, now there's the TriFan 600, an airplane and helicopter in one. The six-seat concept will use three ducted fans to rise vertically like a helicopter. Once it's airborne, two fans will pivot to generate forward momentum and provide lift so it can fly like a conventional jet. This August, after three years of development, XTI announced a crowdfunding campaign, which will cover a portion of the program's costs and give potential buyers a chance to back it.Image courtesy XTI Aircraft Co.

A stocky little rocket is taking off from a launch pad against a clear blue sky — Blue Origin's launch of New Shepard in April marked the first successful test of a vertically launched vehicle to lift tourists and researchers into suborbital space. The crew capsule separated from its booster, as planned, and parachuted safely back to Earth. The booster is designed to be reusable too, though a hydraulics failure prevented it from sticking the landing. Blue Origin has made New Shepard's BE-3 engine available for licensing, which means other companies could also use it to get off the ground.Image courtesy Blue Origin

A small glider-style plane with solar panels on the tops of its wings, flying over a dusty urban desert landscape — Solar Impulse 2 has flown past a few world records in its quest to circumnavigate the globe. By spending nearly five days in the air this summer (117 hours and 52 minutes, to be exact), the plane made the longest nonstop flight by a solar-powered aircraft. Piloted by co-creator André Borschberg, it was also the longest solo flight ever. During the day, 17,248 solar cells provided power, and the airplane stored energy in lithium-polymer batteries to stay aloft through the night.Image courtesy Solar Impulse

A small yellow semi-circlular vechile with electronics on the surface — Picture a paper airplane made of circuit boards, and you've just conjured a Close-In Covert Autonomous Disposable Aircraft (CICADA)—an inexpensive, 2.5-ounce glider developed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Dropped from midair and guided by a GPS system, the micro-UAV can adjust flaps on its wings to crash-land within feet of a target located miles away. In swarms of dozens, or even hundreds, CICADAs could serve as cameras, microphones, sensors, and weapons detectors, or form a communications network.Image courtesy Naval Research Laboratory

The silver cylinder of the August Smart Lock with yellow and blue in the background — The August Smart Lock unshackles your home from the tyranny of physical keys. The 3-inch cylinder fastens to the back of an existing deadbolt, leaving the outside appearance of your door unchanged. Once attached, a Bluetooth signal from your smartphone can flip the mechanism to unlock the door. A guest with a smartphone and an August app can enter once you've granted them access. No more passing out hard-copy keys, which are much harder to revoke—and easier to lose. The Smart Lock lets you pick days and times for guest entry, so the dog walker can get in only during lunch hours, or your weekend Airbnb guests lose access once their stay is over. If your guests don't have smartphones, a Wi-Fi add-on allows you to buzz them in remotely. Plus, you can set the Smart Lock to bolt automatically every time the door shuts. And should anything fail, the old key still works. $229, plus $50 for remote connectivityImage: Jonathon Kambouris

Two modern smartphones overlapping on a black background — With just a single port and waterproofing inside and out, the Turing Phone is designed to be indestructible. For the shell, the company uses an alloy dubbed "liquidmorphium." Because the molecules in liquidmorphium are arranged amorphously, rather than in the rigid structure of metals, the alloy is less prone to bending or breaking. The software is designed to be indestructible too. While no system is truly hack-proof, Turing has made breaching their flavor of Android so computationally expensive that they think hackers won't bother trying. And when users dial other Turing Phones, the calls are fully encrypted end to end—no third-party authentication necessary. $740Image courtesy Turing Robotic Industries

Two translucent white cylinders--one big, one little--on a black background — Stilbene crystal is stable, safe, and glows purple—scintillates, technically—when it is in the presence of radioactive materials such as plutonium. Stilbene's scintillating abilities were discovered in the 1940s, but optics manufacturer Inrad's commercial version has just started appearing in prototype homeland-security detection devices.Image courtesy Inrad Optics

A small figure on a flying prototype quadcopter, both in white, on a cloudy blue-gray sky — Mobility is a perpetual problem for soldiers on the ground, especially in the challenging terrain of today's conflicts. Enter the hoverbike, a mash-up of a motorcycle and a quadcopter. Malloy Aeronautics has a working prototype, and this summer, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory contracted the company to test if the hoverbike could work for soldiers. Civilians might want them too: Malloy suggests it could find use among land inspectors and search-and-rescue teams.Image courtesy Malloy Aeronautics

A blue square, angled 30 degrees up on the left side, with a sans-serif "p" cut out of the middle — In our post-Snowden world, secure messaging is ever more appealing. The standard encryption method is PGP, or "Pretty Good Privacy." It uses several layers of encryption to ensure messages can be read only by the intended recipient. But PGP can be tricky to set up. Enter Peerio, which provides easy-to-use PGP-level encryption for messages and file storage. Just download the software, have your would-be communicants do the same, set up a secure pass phrase, and chat away. Secretly. FreeImage courtesy Peerio

Drone Shield: Ears, Not Eyes, In The Sky — At the Boston Marathon this year, the DroneShield team worked with city police to deploy 10 detectors that listen, rather than look, for potentially dangerous airborne threats delivered by drone. The unit cross-references audio it picks up with a library of drone sonic signatures, and sends an alert if it finds a match. DroneShield has installed its ears in the sky around office buildings, prisons, airports, and private homes.Image: Jill Shomer

A translucent credit-card size lab-on-a-chip with a big red circle in the upper left — Anthrax, a bacterial disease of grazing animals, can be a deadly terrorist tool. Now Sandia National Laboratories and security-technology company Aquila are making it simple to detect. They're producing a credit-card-size lab-on-a-chip that's akin to a pregnancy test: Inject a sample and wait a few hours for a line to appear. Because the test is portable, samples won't accumulate in labs—which is a security risk. It will help ranchers around the world detect the disease in their livestock. Aquila, which is producing the tests in partnership with Sandia, began shipping units earlier this year and plans to adapt the technology for other bacteria like E. coli.Image courtesy Aquila

An adhesive pen with a bunch of tiny dots in the background — Cops across the country have rooms packed with stolen items but no way of locating their owners. Anti-Th eft Dots fix that. Th ey're tiny nickel disks with identifying numbers chemically etched into them that link owners and property through a database. Th eir adhesive glows under black light, alerting cops to their presence, and can be applied to nearly anything: laptops, watches, TVs, and bikes. By year's end, 2,000 police forces nationwide will support them. $33 per kit, which can mark 50 itemsImage courtesy Anti-Theft Dots

An NYPD officer using a smart phone in front of the World Trade Center memorial — Relaying 911 information to cops on the beat—by radio—hasn’t changed in decades. But there’s only so much intel dispatchers can convey that way. This year, the New York City Police Department—the largest force in the United States—began sending ancillary data to some cops via smartphone. It’s the first police force in the country to do so. The app is secure, requiring a PIN code and an ID scan to log in. Cops get background intel on prior arrests and outstanding warrants at the dispatched address, or helpful details such as whether burglars typically enter it by the back door. For an officer on the street, such extra information can be lifesaving.Image courtesy NYPD

Tesla Motors Powerwall: Now You Can Supercharge Your Home — You've invested in solar panels to harvest energy from the sun, but without daisy-chaining an array of car batteries, you've got no way to store it. With the Powerwall, Tesla used its expertise manufacturing lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles to provide a sleek alternative. The 210-pound wall-mounted battery can store surplus energy from solar panels. But it can also automatically bank electricity from the grid during off-peak times, when rates are lowest. That way you can power your home—or charge your Model S—for pennies even when electricity is in highest demand. The company makes a 7 kWh battery for daily use, and a 10 kWh version that can double as a backup generator. From $3,000Courtesy Tesla

Windstream Technology Solar Mill: An Alternative-Energy Powerhouse — With limited roof space, it’s often not possible for do-good homeowners to harness both solar and wind power. WindStream solved that problem by creating a hybrid system. A trio of corkscrew-shaped vertical-axis turbines turn below a photovoltaic panel, saving space. The system can generate 13 percent more energy than solar alone. $3,125Courtesy WindStream Technologies

Bosch Power-Ready Wireless-Charging System: Tools Leading A Wireless Revolution — With its inductive-charging system, Bosch has made charging power tools effortless. Simply set the tool on its dock, and—voilà!—the electromagnetic field replenishes the battery. A full charge takes 50 minutes, but you may never need that: The batteries are lithium-ion, so you can top them off as you go. $200Courtesy Bosch

Stack Downlight: A Bulb That Gets To Know You — What if your lights could understand their surroundings? Stack added occupancy- and ambient-light sensors to its LED Downlight bulbs. The result is a lightbulb with smarts: It can turn off when you leave a room and recognize when it's morning in order to wake you up. To protect you, the system can even mimic your lighting habits when you're away on vacation. Don't like the schedule? You can custom-program it yourself with a companion app. $150 (for a starter pack of two bulbs and a hub; $60 for each additional bulb); ships in December.Courtesy Stack

Dyson Humidifier: The Ultimate Clean Machine — Humidifiers can often be breeding grounds for bacteria. But that doesn't mean humans have to live with bone-dry air. Dyson's new humidifier zaps bacteria with ultraviolet light, killing 99.9 percent. It also uses the same "air-multiplier" technology as the company's fans, to ensure thorough room coverage. It's the first humidifier to earn an asthma and allergy-friendly certification from the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. $500Courtesy Dyson

Leatherman Tread: First Wearable Multitool — After Leatherman's president, Ben Rivera, got stopped at security at Disneyland for carrying a multitool, he decided to create one that you'd never need to leave at home—or even in a toolbox. Tread's wearable design features 29 handy tools, such as Allen wrenches, screwdrivers, and a bottle opener. From $165Courtesy Leatherman

Briggs & Stratton EXi Series Engine: Never Change Your Oil Again — Manufacturers recommend you change your lawn mower’s engine oil every 25 hours of use. To eliminate that messy hassle, Briggs & Stratton built its new EXi Series Engine. The engine is designed to run cooler because oil breaks down more slowly at low temperatures. (It also features an improved air-filtration system to run cleaner.) Rather than change the oil, just top off periodically to maintain proper levels. In a year, you’ll end up using 73 percent less oil.Courtesy Briggs & Stratton

Channellock Rescue Tool — Police officers and firefighters aren't the only ones who have to grapple with emergencies. So why shouldn't homeowners use the same multitool they do when confronted with a storm or fire? The Rescue Tool combines five tools, including a spanner wrench to tighten and loosen hose couplings, a prying tip that can help jimmy open a stuck window, and cutting edges that can snip wire. $50Courtesy Channellock

Whirlpool HybridCare Heat-Pump Dryer — The average clothes dryer can consume as much energy per year as a refrigerator. To balance the scales, Whirlpool built a ventless heat-pump model. Instead of releasing hot, moist air, the HybridCare condenses the water internally. The dry air is then recirculated—reducing energy costs by 40 percent over standard dryers. $1,799Courtesy Whirlpool

DeWalt Carbon-Fiber Composite Level — Lightweight levels are typically made of aluminum. But over time—or with rough use—the material can deform and lose accuracy. That’s why DeWalt built a level from a carbon-fiber composite. It’s 35 percent lighter than aluminum counterparts and can absorb major impacts so it stays true to form. $100Courtesy DeWalt

DeWalt Carbon-Fiber Composite Level — A new vaccine usually takes six to 10 years to go through clinical trials. The Ebola vaccine took only 10 months. When the West African outbreak was declared a global health emergency in August 2014, the World Health Organization fast-tracked the process. The vaccine, made by swapping proteins from Ebola into another virus, triggers an immune response that protects people from contracting the actual disease. To test its efficacy, health workers in Guinea used a “ring strategy” around the 100 confirmed Ebola cases in the country. First, doctors vaccinated roughly 4,000 adults who had come into contact with the infected patients. None got Ebola. For a control group, they vaccinated another approximately 3,500 people three weeks after identifying the latest infection. Only 16 contracted the disease. “The ring strategy hinges on vaccinating all contacts of a recently confirmed case, and their contacts in turn, virtually creating a firewall and stopping transmission in its tracks,” says Marie-Paule Kieny, WHO’s assistant director general for health systems and innovation, who led the R&D. The Ebola vaccine showed that scientists can develop and deploy lifesaving drugs quickly—in the future, preventing other diseases from going global.Image: Jonathon Kambouris

Micra: The World's Smallest Pacemaker — Doctors surgically implant most pacemakers in the chest and run wires from the device to the heart. The vitamin-size Micra can be threaded through the femoral vein into the heart with a catheter. Tines then attach to the heart to deliver electrical impulses directly. The battery lasts more than 10 years, and when it’s depleted, doctors can disable the device and insert another nearby. So far, the success rate in trials is 100 percent.Jonathon Kambouris

Human Epigenome Maps — June marked the release of the first map of the human epigenome: the chemical markers that tell your DNA what to express when. “Think of the genome as the hardware in your computer and the epigenome as the software,” says Joseph Ecker, director of the institute’s genomic analysis laboratory. Such a map will help scientists see what causes some cells to become liver cells and others heart cells—or malignant cancer cells. Understanding these mechanisms could enable scientists to reprogram them for bioengineering or to reveal new triggers for disease.Image compiled by Ryan Lister. Collage images: Leo Reynolds, chrisinplymouth, Karyn Christner, Eva Ekeblad via Flickr. Karyotype: NHGRI Talking Glossary of Genetics.

Biostamp: Health Stats That Stick — Wearables can be clunky. The BioStamp offers a stretchy alternative: an electronic device that sticks to your skin for up to a week, like a temporary tattoo. Thin sensors and circuits embedded in the adhesive-backed stamp measure biometrics like body temperature, movement, muscle activation, heart rate, and exposure to ultraviolet light. The device then relays this data to a wearer’s (or a doctor’s) cellphone via Bluetooth. Biostamps to check blood pressure and analyze sweat are in the works.MC10

Fitguard: A “Check Engine” Light For Your Brain — A helmet is no longer an athlete’s only line of defense against a concussion or other brain injury. Sensors inside the FITGuard measure linear and rotational acceleration of the head. The mouth guard then sends that data to a coach’s phone or tablet on the sideline. When a player gets hit hard, LEDs light up to indicate he or she should sit out. On the bench, the associated app administers light-sensitivity and memory-loss tests to help determine the player’s likelihood of a concussion. $100Jill Shomer

Eargo: The Most Comfortable Hearing Aid — Typical hard-plastic hearing aids block airflow and natural bass sounds. Eargo’s featherlike silicone fibers suspend the device in the ear canal, making it almost imperceptible. “Comfort is important because you wear it all day long, every single day,” says Raphael Michel, the company’s co-founder and CEO. A processor inside the device sends sound directly to the eardrum so you can better pinpoint the source. Bonus: The rechargeable battery never needs to be replaced. $1,980Jonathon Kambouris

Teixobactin: First New Antibiotic In Nearly 30 Years — Teixobactin can fight resistant strains of bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which (as its name suggests) causes tuberculosis. And because it binds to bacteria on two target regions, in contrast to most antibiotics' one, bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to it. The drug candidate is still in the pipeline and works for only certain bacteria, but one of them is invasive MRSA, which some 75,000 Americans contract every year.NovoBiotic

Xoft: Targeted Cancer Radiation In One Go — Radiation therapy for breast cancer can require eight weeks of near-daily trips to the hospital. A method called intraoperative radiation therapy takes less than 12 minutes total. During a patient’s tumor-removal surgery, a radiation oncologist delivers a single, concentrated dose of radiation. It aims to kill any malignant cells the surgery might have missed, and helps prevent cancer from returning during recovery. Two recent clinical trials have found it to be as effective as conventional radiation. Plus, a patient experiences fewer side effects and is able to get back to normal activities much sooner.iCad

Medtronic Closed-Loop System: A Savior For Diabetics — More than a million people in the U.S. have Type 1 diabetes. They must constantly monitor their blood sugar and inject insulin to compensate for a subpar pancreas. Medtronic developed a system that uses an algorithm to automatically deliver an optimized dose, day or night. No mental math; no human error. “It’s essentially the same system that drives a thermostat or cruise control,” says Francine Kaufman, chief medical officer of the company’s diabetes group. “Except that biology is more difficult to control."Medtronic

Exvive3D: 3D-Printed Tissue — Even after drugs have passed animal tests, many fail in human trials due to kidney or liver toxicity. Organovo, which last year 3D-printed mini livers from human cells, can now synthesize individual mock kidneys. Each contains a number of different cell types in which drug effects can be tested. “Every single drug a pharmaceutical company develops has to be tested for safety in liver and kidney settings,” says Keith Murphy, the company’s co-founder and CEO. “Our system is meant to be the best and final test.”Organovo

Aim: A Monitor With Muscle — For gym rats, scales can show body weight, but not muscle condition or body fat—important measures of fitness. Aim does both. When placed on the skin, the device sends a weak electric current through the body. Since muscle and fat have different resistances, it can tell them apart. Aim determines the strength of a muscle relative to its size too, so you can see the direct effects of a workout (or a lazy streak). A medical-grade version can monitor the impact of degenerative diseases like muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). $149Jonathon Kambouris

Kolibree: A 3D-Motion Toothbrush — Even with the built-in timer on some electric toothbrushes, most people don't brush for the full two minutes that dentists recommend. Kolibree is more foolproof; its 3D motion sensors show, in real-time, how well you're scrubbing. It connects to your phone via Bluetooth to highlight problem areas and suggest improved brush motion or position. A connected game ensures kids will do more than just swallow the toothpaste. $149Jonathon Kambouris

Periscope: A Broadcast Network Of Your Own — The cameras in our pockets have granted amateurs all sorts of powers to reinvent themselves—first, as photographers and then as YouTube stars. Now with Periscope, anyone can become a broadcaster as well. The app makes live streaming events like the Black Lives Matter protests, raging wildfires, or even office antics as simple as pressing a button. The stream is accessible to anyone who also has the app installed on their mobile device. In the hands of journalists, Periscope has broadcast videos from the Syrian refugee crisis, putting a human face on a global crisis that for many is happening out of sight. Inevitably, it has also prompted privacy concerns and put more than one business model in jeopardy: Periscope was a popular way to illegally broadcast this year's expensive pay-per-view boxing match between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao. Free.Jonathon Kambouris

Windows 10: The Windows We’ve Been Waiting For — "Easy" and "operating system" don't tend to inhabit the same sentence, but Windows 10 could change that. The OS comes with face-scanning and fingerprint authentication for quick, secure logins. It also has Cortana, Microsoft's virtual assistant (think Siri for the Windows set), which can schedule meetings, check weather, or do Web searches all with a simple voice command. The OS runs on desktops, laptops, touchscreen tablets, and phones—making it even easier to switch between devices or use tablet-laptop hybrids. Free Upgrade.Jonathon Kambouris

Be My Eyes: A Smartphone App That Gives The Gift Of Sight — Phone cameras aren't all that useful to someone who's blind—not, at least, until Be My Eyes. The app, developed by the Danish Blind Society, connects visually impaired users to sighted ones. Through a live video feed, sighted users can decrypt unfamiliar street signs, expiration dates on food packages, or anything else that needs a quick visual assist. Since it launched in January, the app has helped 23,000 users over 100,000 times. Free.Courtesy Be My Eyes

Google Photos: Adding Google Smarts To Your Photo App — No longer must you endlessly scroll through digital photo albums: Google integrated search into its Photos app. Query France, and you'll soon have every photo you ever took on that trip to Provence. You can do the same for your son. For his lifetime. Google's assistant will then organize those photos for you. It will even turn them into animated gifs or correct lighting or contrast flaws automatically. Plus, the perks of the old version are still there: simple back-up, mega storage, and easy editing. Free.Courtesy Google

IBM Watson: Team Up With A Supercomputer — The supercomputer that won Jeopardy! is now available to anyone. IBM expanded its developer ecosystem for Watson by adding advanced language, speech, and vision capabilities, making it easier for partners to tap into Watson's cognitive-computing abilities to solve problems.Wikimedia User Clockready

Hound: Nimble-Minded Digital Assistant — Instead of waiting to process a request or query until after you ask it, SoundHound's Hound app sniffs out the results in real time. Thanks to natural language processing, it can also understand complex queries ("Show me four- or five-star hotels in Miami for two nights, starting on Friday, between $150 and $200 a night"), and it can build upon those results to more finely hone the answers you're seeking. Free.Courtesy SoundHound

Pixar RenderMan: Create Your Own *Toy Story* For Family And Friends — Pixar's in-house 3D-rendering engine—used to create movies such as Toy Story and Up—was the first piece of software ever to earn an Oscar. More recently, the studio noticed there was a significant technology gap between public and professional software, so it released a consumer-friendly version of RenderMan. Intended for educational and personal use, the app is strictly prohibited for commercial purposes. Free.Courtesy Everett Collection/Pixar

Albedo100 Light-Reflective Spray: Paint That Can Save Your Life — When it comes to safety, staying visible at night is critical for runners, walkers, and cyclists. That's why Swedish startup Albedo100 has developed a reflective spray that can be applied to clothes and bike parts. The spray is invisible during the day but shines like a highway street sign at night when it comes under the glare of headlights. The spray is benign, so it doesn't damage materials or hurt your skin, and lasts about a week before wearing off. There's even another version of the spray that's safe enough to put directly on your pet's fur. Albedo100 released both versions of the spray earlier this year, and a third that works especially well on metals will be out by the end of the year. It also collaborated with Swedish carmaker Volvo to market the spray under the name Life Paint, which they hope to one day sell in the United States. Never stress over Halloween night again. $19Jonathon Kambouris

Stower Candle Charger: Charge Your Phone With A Flame — The Candle Charger by Stower uses an open flame to charge your mobile device. Here's how: You fill a small, specially constructed pot with water, place it on a stand, and set it over a burning fuel-canister candle. A USB cable attaches to the pot, providing a point of connection for your device. As the water boils, the temperature difference between the water and flame creates an electric current that charges your phone. It's handy in the field but also in power outages. Plus you can then tell someone that you charged your phone with fire—because you did. $100Jonathon Kambouris

Voormi Fall Line Jacket With Core Construction: The Only Jacket You'll Need — Unpredictable weather in the backcountry means you have to carry many different layers to deal with the elements. The Voormi Fall Line jacket does away with that. This wool zip-up keeps you warm and comfortable in cool weather but also keeps you dry if you get caught in the rain. The Colorado company calls this Core Construction technology. It knits water-resistant material within the wool into a single layer. This makes it possible to have water-resistant clothes in virtually any material, including cotton and nylon. Voormi released the jacket this fall. From $400Jonathon Kambouris

Epson M-Tracer Golf Swing Analyzer: Golf Coach In Your Phone — Improving your golf swing is a lifelong pursuit—and an expensive one if you rely on a trainer or coach. The M-Tracer Golf Swing Analyzer and app put that expertise on your phone. A thumb-size "tracer'' clips to your club and, as you swing, records 1,000 samples of movement per second and sends them to your phone. The resulting 360-degree 3D image reveals club speed, attack angle, and more. It also records and saves each swing so you can compare strokes as you go along and track your improvement. $250Courtesy Epson

Dainese D-Air racing Misano Suit: Failproof Motorcycle Airbag Suit — Motorcycle airbag suits and jackets have been around for years and typically require a tether, attached to the bike, to deploy. That’s a problem if you’re not thrown from the bike during a spill, and if they don't deploy quick enough. The D-Air is the first one in the U.S. that doesn’t require a tether. The suit uses a suite of sensors that detects movement of the body or an imminent crash to trigger airbag deployment. This all happens in just 30 milliseconds. Although it’s been available in Europe since 2012, it just reached the U.S. in September of this year. $2,500Courtesy Dainese

Uvex Snowstrike VT Goggles: Fighter-Pilot Goggles for Skiers — Skiing over uneven terrain with obscured vision isn't just annoying, it's dangerous. The Snowstrike VT Goggles make it a problem of the past by using the same technology found in fighter-pilot helmets. The goggles have sensors that gauge the intensity of outside light and send signals to LCD crystals inside the lenses to change the shade accordingly. In a tenth of a second, the tint morphs to purple, blue, red, or clear. So while flying down slopes at high speeds, and in and out of shade, the wearer will never have a momentary lapse of clarity. The tint can also be changed manually. $500Jonathon Kambouris

Torquing Group Zano Self-Tracking Drone: A Drone That Snaps Your Selfies — Flying a camera-equipped drone while taking footage requires dexterity. A little slip could send your drone plummeting to Earth. The Zano is a tiny quadcopter with an HD camera that flies and shoots by itself. It does this by following your smartphone via Wi-Fi. Using GPS and a barometric pressure sensor to navigate and estimate altitude, it films you as you go about your vacation or your daily run. Presets can make it stay in one place, or track your every move. The little hummingbird-like drones started shipping to customers in November. From $310Courtesy Torquing Group

MSR Guardian Purifier: Drink Water from a Mud Puddle — The U.S. military asked backcountry outfitter Mountain Safety Research (MSR) to create a device that could protect troops from waterborne illness anywhere they deploy. The company came up with the Guardian Purifier, which uses medical-grade fibers to block out dangerous pathogens, such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, along with particulate matter like sediment and silt. Also, the device never requires a cleaning: It uses about 10 percent of the water it pumps up to flush out the blocked contaminants. Now it's available to you. It debuted in August 2015. $350Jonathon Kambouris

Avatech Avanet Cloud Platform/Mobile App: An App That Helps You Avoid Avalanches — Unstable snowpack and bad weather increase the dangers for climbers, hikers, and skiers in the mountains. To avoid being caught off-guard, mountain-safety company Avatech has built a mobile app that collects crowdsourced weather and snowpack information for backcountry enthusiasts to access in both hemispheres—and hike accordingly. From $5 per monthCourtesy Avatech

Front-end view of a gray BMW sedan on a white background — No longer will fumbling with a cellphone or reaching for a radio dial dangerously distract drivers. In October, BMW debuted the world's first-ever gesture control in a car, allowing drivers to answer calls, use navigation, and adjust audio, all with conductorlike hand waves. That makes everyone safer. It also hints at the potential for hands-free driving. If that weren't innovation enough, in U.S. models, BMW also took up to 190 pounds off the car's weight, and improved fuel efficiency, by using carbon fiber in the chassis. That helps make the frame stiffer, which enhances performance. Luxury details also make the car feel like it belongs in a pricier class: Massage seats for rear passengers are helpful on long rides, LEDs in the moon roof mimic a starry sky, and programmable scents, like "woody," emanate from the dash. $81,300Image courtesy BMW

A beige heavy-duty armored car in a shop with a white man in jeans working on it — In August, Oshkosh won a $6.7 billion defense contract to deliver the first new combat truck in 30 years. The Light Combat Tactical All-Terrain Vehicle has the ballistic protection of a light tank and the off-road agility of a Baja racer. It will replace the beloved (and hated) Humvee in coming years. The truck, which can carry more than the Humvee, uses bomb-resistant shaping and shielding similar to bigger and heavier tanks.Image courtesy Oshkosh

A burly rear view mirror with a taxi visible in its view, driving on a New York City street — Among auto designers, rearview mirrors are rarely proving grounds for innovation. The new mirror in the CT6 stands apart. With the flick of a switch, drivers can convert it into an HD display. A camera captures a live stream from the car's rear, which improves field of vision by 300 percent. The camera can enhance low-light scenes, manage brightness, and minimize glare. It's a new way to see the road. Option $2,500Image courtesy Cadillac

A Volvo crossover vehicle with rugged rocks in the background — For a company that has built its name on safety, the Volvo XC90 is a signal achievement. The car acts like a co-pilot. With radar, cameras, and lane-drifting sensors, it will alert a distracted driver to pay attention, warn if you're about to strike another vehicle, and take control to prevent a crash. And if the car leaves the road, the seat frames crumple downward and the seat belts tighten to reduce the risk of serious injury. $49,800Image courtesy Volvo

A side view of the Model X vehicle, gull-wing rear doors open — The Model X challenges pretty much every assumption about SUVs. It's fast: It races from 0 to 60 in 3.2 seconds and tops out at 155 mph. It's safe: The bottom-mounted battery panel gives it the lowest center of gravity (meaning less chance of rollover) of any SUV made. And it's slick: Falcon wing doors and a curved windshield make sure you'll be the envy of any driver—especially other soccer dads. Price Not SetImage courtesy Tesla Motors

Two cars on a desert highway, both Acuras, one passing the other — Hybrids are the new supercars—and Acura has just proved it. It has created a three-motor system for the NSX that maximizes handling, responsiveness, and fuel economy. It combines a midmounted twin-turbo V-6 engine with an electric motor—which delivers zero-delay acceleration—and with a motor at each front wheel. That provides precision power through a technique known as torque vectoring. So you have a car that jumps off the line and tackles turns like an IndyCar. $155,000Image courtesy Acura

A dark gray motorcycle on a white background — With the Ninja H2, Kawasaki has created the first supercharged consumer motorcycle—one of the fastest bikes on the road. Superchargers usually appear only on niche racing bikes. They work by pressurizing the air/fuel mixture before it enters the engine, creating a powerful combustion. But they tend to be big and heavy. Kawasaki made a light, compact unit with 3-D-printed parts. The bike can reach 186 mph—not that you'd see it coming. $25,000Image courtesy Kawasaki

A head-on view of a slim silver sportscar with a cityscape in the background — Last May, Kevin Czinger created the Blade—the first high-performance supercar that uses 3-D-printed parts and a process that cuts typical auto-factory carbon emissions by up to 90 percent. By using carbon-fiber shafts and 3-D joints for the chassis, a car can be assembled in minutes. As founder of Divergent Microfactories, Czinger plans to open similar places for entrepreneurs to create their own car lines—for as little as $4 million.Photo-illustration by Eric Heintz, based on an image from Divergent Microfactories

A night scene with a car dashboard in the foreground and a man and a woman sitting on the car hood in the background, city lights in the distance — Automakers continued to roll out systems to streamline the link between car and smartphone this year. Android Auto wins. It uses voice commands to make calls, select music, and get directions. And its Google Maps offers lane guidance for tricky interchanges, the latest traffic data, and directions to the nearest coffee shop.Image courtesy Android

A red Audi sports car with black racing stripes, driving on a desert road under a clear blue sky — For autonomous cars, speed is critical. Just like their human counterparts, robot drivers will need to respond instantly at high speeds to changing road conditions. Armed with sensors, cameras, GPS, and machine-learning software, Audi's RS 7 autonomous sedan set a 149-mph speed record for a robo-car in October 2014.Image courtesy Audi

Amazon Echo: HAL For Your Home — For a long time, artificial intelligence existed only in science fiction. Then it started to creep into industrial computers and even phones. Now, it's coming to your home—and it's coming in the form of a speaker. The Amazon Echo acts as an intelligent hub for the house, linking together other smart appliances with a voice interface. Once set up, it listens passively at all times. When someone says the wake word—Alexa—it snaps into action. For now, those actions are limited to simple operations, like reciting your calendar events, queuing up your favorite playlist, relaying weather or sports scores and, of course, ordering household items from Amazon. But those tasks won't remain simple for long. In June, Amazon released the Alexa Skills Kit (ASK), opening the platform to dozens of third-party services, devices, and apps, including WeMo, Philips Hue, Pandora, and Wink. Hal 9000, eat your heart out. $180Jonathon Kambouris

Microsoft HoloLens: A Headset That Creates Holograms — Google Glass may have pioneered augmented reality, but Microsoft HoloLens could well perfect it. The headset overlays digital images onto the user's real-world view. You can turn your living room into a gaming studio or draw on physical objects. NASA astronauts on board the ISS are working with Microsoft to use HoloLens for research and repairs. The first developer kit ships in early 2016. $3,000Microsoft

HearNotes WireFree: Earbuds for Cord Cutters — There’s nothing more annoying than having to untangle headphone cables, so HearNotes cut the cords. Its WireFree Earbuds work with a transmitter that plugs into a standard headphone jack and have a range of 50 feet. And you don’t have to worry about distortion. HearNotes uses Kleer Technology, which was built specifically to deliver lossless, uncompressed hi-fi stereo audio. $350HearNotes

Raspberry Pi 2: World’s Cheapest PC — Three years ago, when the first Raspberry Pi hit shelves, it was the perfect tool for learning to code, but not much else. Its meager 700 MHz processor and 512 MB of RAM were too weak to run meaningful programs. The Raspberry Pi 2 is six times faster than its predecessor and packs double the memory into the same credit-card size. In August, Microsoft released a Pi-friendly version of Windows 10, enabling more people to program, hack, and tinker. Best of all, the price is still right. $35Raspberry Pi Foundation

Buddy The Robot: A robot at your beck and call — If you’ve ever dreamed of having a robot minion a la Luke Skywalker or George Jetson, good news: Now there’s Buddy. The 2-foot-tall robot can serve as a rolling home-security system, remote control for your gadgets, and personal assistant. It sees, hears, and speaks through an 8-inch tablet that serves as its face and brain. Buddy’s software was built on Unity, a popular gaming engine, so it’s easy for developers to build custom apps and features. $750Blue Frog Robotics

DJI Inspire 1: The Ultimate Drone for Filmmakers — Drone footage can be spectacular, but it's notoriously difficult to film well. The DJI Inspire 1 makes it a whole lot easier. The 4K video camera—a first for a consumer drone—sits in a proprietary gimbal system and can be modified with custom lenses. Also, the craft's landing gears rise in flight for unobstructed 360-degree views. But perhaps its best feature is that two users can operate it simultaneously: One can fly while the other controls the camera, making it easier to get the perfect shot. $3,400Jonathon Kambouris

USB Type-C: The Next USB Port — After twenty years on the market, the often overlooked USB port received an epic overhaul this year. USB Type-C supports double the data-transfer speeds, cuts charging time by a factor of four, and is (finally!) reversible, so you don't have to figure out which side is up. Apple and Google are already using it in their newest flagship laptops, and many other smartphone- and laptop-makers are expected to adopt it. Prepare to see this port everywhere.USB

Seek CompactXR: A Thermal Camera For Your Phone — The Seek XR Thermal Imaging Camera turns a traditionally expensive and clunky device into an affordable, pocket-size iPhone or Android accessory. The small infrared camera is not as detailed as the thermal cameras used by handymen, but it more than gets the job done, whether that is detecting insulation leaks, frozen pipes, or taking some really far-out selfies. $300Jonathon Kambouris

Pebble Time Steel: Longest-Lasting Smartwatch — For all the bluster around smartwatches this year, most come with an Achilles heel: They need to be charged once or even twice a day. The Pebble Time lasts for 10 days on a single charge. The secret is the watch's highly efficient color e-paper display, the first one in a consumer gadget. Bonus: It's easier to read the display under varied light conditions. $250Pebble

iPhone 6S: 3D At Your Fingertips — The first iPhone in 2007 introduced consumers to pinch-to-zoom, swipe-to-scroll, and pull-to-refresh—gestures that have become nearly universal. The iPhone 6S adds another with 3D Touch. The feature uses a sensor to detect the amount of pressure applied by a user's finger. Message previews, status updates, and other shortcuts pop out of apps when the screen is pressed firmly. For now, only a handful of the most popular apps use 3D Touch, but it's only a matter of time before it too becomes part of our everyday lexicon. From $650Apple

SUSIBA2: Rice That Fights Global Warming — More than half the global population relies on rice as a regular part of their diet. But rice paddies have a downside for the planet too: They produce as much as 17 percent of the world’s total methane emissions. So Christer Jansson, a plant biochemist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, spent the past 10 years developing SUSIBA2, a genetically modified rice plant that emits almost no methane. Splicing a single barley gene into common rice, his team found, changed the way the plant handles photosynthesis: Instead of sending carbon to the roots, to feed the bacteria that produce methane, the plant directs it toward the grain and leaves, increasing the starch level and yield. “It’s a win-win,” says Jansson. The rice performed well in field tests in China, and now scientists are studying how cultivation affects it. Jansson says there’s no telling when the rice might be commercially available, but considering how severely methane can accelerate climate change, its eventual impact could be huge.Courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Wind+Wing Technologies: A Fuel-Free Commuter Ferry — The average high-speed ferry burns through more than 5,000 gallons of fuel per day. The one built by Wind+Wing Technologies typically harnesses 10,000 pounds of wind power instead. Three microphones send data to a computer that determines the wind's direction. A carbon-fiber sail then pivots around a 75-foot spine to capture it. All electronics—the wind sensor, wing controls, GPS, and communication tools—are powered by a 50-watt photovoltaic cell.Courtesy of Wind+Wing

University Of Washington: A Camera Powered By Wi-Fi — To power the expanding Internet of Things, devices will need to scavenge energy. Engineers at the University of Washington devised a camera that can glean energy from ambient Wi-Fi. The trick was modifying standard routers to broadcast when a channel is not being used. That alerts the camera to an open signal which can, in 35 minutes, provide enough power to take a photo. As team member Vamsi Talla says, “This enables a world of battery-free devices that will do their job perpetually.”Courtesy of University of Washington

Durst Organization, Port Authority of NY and NJ: The Most Secure Skyscraper Ever — At 1,776 feet, One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere. It’s also the safest one in the world. With heavily reinforced walls making it impact resistant, it offers unparalleled security through brute strength.Courtesy of Tishman

ETH Zurich: Yarn Made From Slaughterhouse Waste — Slaughterhouses produce an enormous amount of gelatin as a byproduct. By mixing it with protein, water, and organic solvent, Philipp Stossel of Switzerland-based university ETH Zurich found a way to recycle that waste into yarn. The exterior of the individual fibers—approximately half the diameter of human hair—appear lustrous. The pockmarks on the inside, Stossel says, are likely what provides insulation similar to natural fibers like merino wool.Courtesy of ETH Zurich

Hiroshima University — When natural disasters hit, they often destroy bridges first. So engineers from Hiroshima University in Japan set out to invent a quickly built, strong replacement. Inspired by origami, the new mobile bridge spans 56 feet and takes three people less than an hour to deploy. Often no foundation work is needed, making it ideal for areas affected by earthquakes or floods. Made of aluminum alloy and steel, it’s lightweight and easy to transport, yet sturdy enough for cars to cross.Courtesy of Hiroshima University

Pierre And Marie Curie University: A Robot Survivor — Leg injury? No problem. The robot created at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris can overcome disabilities in about two minutes. An algorithm, aptly named Intelligent Trial and Error, enables the robot to discover new behaviors, says lead roboticist Jean-Baptiste Mouret, “basic survival skills” that enable it to operate when damaged. Such a capability could one day lead to robots that work for long periods independently, for such tasks as search-and-rescue missions.Courtesy of Pierre and Marie Curie University

Onyx Solar: A Floor That Can Charge Your Phone — Solar panels are practical, but they're limited up there on the roof. Onyx Solar developed an outdoor photovoltaic flooring that picks up the slack: Solar cells inside the anti-slip glass enable decks, balconies, and walkways to draw energy from the sun. The power can be stored in a battery or, when connected to a building's electrical system, sent straight to outlets. The floor can produce 5.6 watts per square foot (enough to charge a cellphone), supports up to 881 pounds, and comes in more than 1,500 colors.Courtesy of Onyx Solar

Surf Snowdonia Wavegarden — Wavegarden, the artificial lagoon at Surf Snowdonia in North Wales, produces hollow waves that travel 490 feet without losing power or shape. (Add another 240 feet of taper, and surfers get an 18-second ride.) A computer-controlled gearless ropeway drive system—similar to those used for ski lifts—pulls a wave foil along the bottom of the pool to create the 6 1/2-foot-tall curls. Surf Snowdonia's managing director, Steve Davies, calls them "the longest manmade surfable waves on the planet."Courtesy of Wavegarden

Arizona State University: A Laser So Pure, It's White — Lasers have been around for years, but never before have they been capable of emitting pure white light. Researchers at Arizona State University created a nanoscale semiconductor that combines red, green, and blue light (usually lasers emit just one wavelength) to produce the full visible spectrum, including white. Because lasers are brighter and more energy efficient than LEDs, they could replace today’s lighting.Courtesy of Arizona State University

Siemens: Hydrogen Energy's Green Giant — Massive wind farms require massive systems to capture and store surplus electricity. The “green hydrogen” plant that opened this summer in Mainz, Germany, is larger than any other. Thanks to Siemens’ special electrolyzer, the plant can transform up to 6 megawatts of electricity (even from fluctuating sources) and use it to split hydrogen from water. The hydrogen can be stored, then either turned back into electricity or sent to refueling stations to power up to 2,000 fuel-cell vehicles.Courtesy of Siemens

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