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1. Cell Loss
Our liver, kidneys and other organs keep a fair number of cells in reserve; still, over time, cell loss may impair their functioning.
De Grey’s fix: Engineer embryonic stem cells to create healthy new versions of every type of body cell. Introduce the stem cells into the body to rejuvenate diseased or flagging tissues. The mechanism to deliver the various cell types to all the right places has yet to be developed.

2. Cell Senescence
Cells that have stopped dividing often loiter instead of dying. Judith Campisi of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory theorizes that these cells may induce neighbors to become cancerous.
De Grey’s fix: Experiment in mice to find ways to destroy these old cells. One approach is to insert â€suicide†genes that make the cells self-destruct. Another is to find ways to turn the body’s immune system against them.

3. Lysosomal Junk
Waste that builds up inside cells is broken down by enzymes in cell structures called lysosomes. Over time, lysosomes can get saddled with undegraded material; diseases such as age-related macular degeneration may result.
De Grey’s fix: Borrow genes from soil microbes and put them to work producing enzymes with a taste for lysosomal garbage.

4. Extracellular Junk
Waste also builds up in the spaces between cells. Dead immune-system cells and cholesterol plaque that accumulate inside arteries may cause atherosclerosis; plaque that builds up around neurons may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease.
De Grey’s fix: Genetically rewire the immune system to engulf the junk outside the cell and transport it inside, where lysosomes can digest it.

5. Sugar-Protein Molecular Bonds
As we age, glucose and other sugar molecules bond with protein molecules, creating rigid layers of tissue and potentially causing problems such as blood-vessel hardening that can lead to high blood pressure.
De Grey’s fix: Develop more compounds like ALT-711, a re-
cently discovered chemical that has been shown to break one type of glucose-protein bond.

6. Mitochondrial DNA Mutations
â€Free radicalsâ€-the unstable molecules created when glucose is broken down to make energy-may alter DNA, causing potentially harmful mutations. Mitochondria are especially vulnerable to such assaults because of their role as the
cell’s power plants.
De Grey’s fix: Transfer mitochondrial DNA into the cell
nucleus for safekeeping.

7. Nuclear DNA Mutations
Mutations of the DNA in the cell nucleus contribute to cancer.
De Grey’s fix: Extract cells from the patient. Switch off their ability to produce telomerase, the enzyme that facilitates cell division, and modify them to tolerate toxic chemotherapy. Return cells to the patient, who can now be given chemo to kill off any growing cancer cells. After periodic cell â€reseedings,†the cells will lose their susceptibility to cancer.

Aubrey de Grey's ideas are often met with skepticism, but, he says, "I haven't been thrown out of any rooms yet."

The Man Who Balked at Time

Aubrey de Grey’s ideas are often met with skepticism, but, he says, “I haven’t been thrown out of any rooms yet.”
De Grey and his wife, Adelaide, share a peaceful moment on the River Cam.

All the Time in the World

De Grey and his wife, Adelaide, share a peaceful moment on the River Cam.
De Grey, who fuels his speculations with a diet of beer and junk food, imbibes a pint at his local tavern, the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, England.

Creative Ferment

De Grey, who fuels his speculations with a diet of beer and junk food, imbibes a pint at his local tavern, the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, England.
First-year biology student Ben Zealley is a youthful convert to de Grey´s schemes for conquering old age.

Bridging the Generation Gap

First-year biology student Ben Zealley is a youthful convert to de Grey´s schemes for conquering old age.
Medicine
Stem Cells