Remember how we told you last week about the problem of variables when studying the Gulf oil spill? Here’s another one: according to a new study, a heretofore unseen species of bacteria is eating the oil, and eating it efficiently. Thanks to these cold-loving, oil-munching bugs, the huge oil plume we learned about last week is probably gone, according to Terry Hazen, a microbial ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and principal investigator at the Energy Biosciences Institute.
“In the last three weeks, we haven’t been able to detect the deepwater plume anywhere we’ve gone,” he said in an interview. “It appears to have been completely biodegraded and diluted out. Like the surface (oil), we can no longer find it.”
Remember how we also told you about the added variable of politics and money? This finding was partly funded by research dollars from BP. The funds were from an existing 10-year BP grant and have nothing to do with the oil spill, though.
Hazen, with Berkeley Lab’s earth sciences division, said the bacteria are adapted to break down oil at very cold temperatures, which was somewhat surprising. It’s the first time anyone has ever studied microbial degradation at such depths.
The bacteria also appear to do this without a lot of oxygen, which is more good news for those concerned about oxygen-free “dead zones” in the water column. Hazen and more than 30 colleagues report on their findings in a paper published today in the online edition of the journal Science.
Last week, Richard Camilli et. al announced the discovery of a massive oil plume, but said they could not yet tell how dense it was, how much of the spilled oil was in it, and other variables. Using oxygen concentrations as a proxy for bacterial degradation — bacteria consume oxygen — they also estimated that bacteria were not breaking down the oil very quickly.
Hazen’s study says not only are bacteria gobbling up the oil, they’ve gobbled up so much that researchers can’t find the plume anymore.
His data comes from more than 200 samples collected between May 25 and June 2, from a plume of oil that extended at least 10 miles past the wellhead (the same plume Camilli et. al announced last week). The Berkeley Lab team used a DNA microchip to study the genes of the bacteria inside the oil plume, and they found a wide variety of hydrocarbon degraders. The chip helped the team identify the new species.
Hazen has spent three decades studying microbial degradation of hydrocarbons. He said he agreed with federal estimates from earlier this month that much of the oil had been degraded, adding that doubters have not been in the field as recently as he: “Most of us that work in this field expected it,” he said. “The ones that didn’t accept it were the ones that hadn’t been out there in the field recently. All of us that have been out there ... and are monitoring it, accept that.”

Ron Kendall, chair of the department of environmental toxicology at Texas Tech and director of the university’s Institute for Environmental and Human Health, said the study confirms that at least one huge oil plume exists, and that bacteria are helping to break it down. But no one has yet confirmed Hazen's findings, which center partly on the faster-than-expected oil biodegradation rates.
"There’s a lot of science that needs to be done. These are just some of the beginning pieces of evidence that, No. 1, plumes exist; No. 2, microbes do exist that can eat the oil in a plume; and No. 3, the (hydrocarbon) half-life phenomena is open to debate," he said. "I just think that we need to continue to look, and if there’s one plume, there’s probably others. We just can’t find them."
About that BP funding: In a news release, Berkeley Lab was quick to disclose this, although it has nothing to do with the oil spill. After a competition three years ago, BP awarded a $500 million, 10-year grant to a group of institutions, led by the University of California-Berkeley, to create an Energy Biosciences Institute. The oil giant was interested in obtaining ethanol from cellulose, as well as other research. Last year, BP added about $2 million a year for Hazen’s group to study enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, which includes using marine microorganisms to increase the viscosity of oil inside land-based wells, among other research areas. Hazen said he does not have any restrictions on publishing his work.
“That’s one of the reasons we were able to go out into the field immediately and start working on this. We had already set up whole teams to do these types of things for oil,” Hazen said. “There are no restrictions on us whatsoever in terms of what we’re seeing, in terms of anything that we do. We are a (U.S. Department of Energy) national laboratory and those things wouldn’t be allowed.”
So what does this mean?
For one, we finally have data that explains what happens to the microbial community when oil is released into the deep sea. Organisms that evolved to feed on natural oil-seeps will spring into action, reproducing at exponential rates. Hazen said tracking these organisms could be a new method to find oil hidden in the depths. And at the very least, it’s good news for future oil spill remediation — these microbes are awfully good at breaking down oil.
We also know that this has been happening all along, perhaps from the day the Deepwater Horizon rig exploded. Hazen said widespread use of dispersant may have even sped up the process by breaking the oil into snack-sized microdroplets, making the bacteria’s task easier.
But while the bacteria brings good news, the saga is still far from over. There’s still oil in the ocean, Hazen said, and some hydrocarbon elements can be toxic even at the most dilute concentrations. The fact that bacteria are eating it does not necessarily signal an “all clear” — especially not for the zooplankton, phytoplankton and other marine life that lived with the oil for three months.
When he announced the initial oil plume study last week, Woods Hole marine geochemist Chris Reddy said patience is key: “We all want data in 8 seconds, and that’s just not going to happen in this world. We will know more with time, as more data comes out of the pipeline.”
Kendall said there's still plenty of it coming.
"Just think about how few days have been spent on the water trying to get this information, versus the scope of the area," he said.
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.


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"The oil giant was interested in obtaining ethanol from cellulose, as well as other research."
And if you can find a natural bacteria? You make one...gene crafting. And if a barrel of this new strain were "accidentally" bumped into a certain gulf leak oil spill then...
But when this untested strain starts liking all carbon based lifeforms...
I realize that this is quite a paranoid rambling, partly as a joke, but when so much money is on the line...
Its so funny how all those environmentalists just can't turn this into a huge disaster. I love it, maybe we'll finally learn that we don't need to listen to them.
LIFT THE MORATORIUM!
That’s one of the reasons we were able to go out into the field immediately and start working on this. We had already set up whole teams to do these types of things for oil, Hazen said. There are no restrictions on us whatsoever in terms of what we’re seeing, in terms of anything that we do. We are a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory and those things wouldn’t be allowed.
-There are NO restrictions on them for what they do?! Does this imply that they are dropping more of these marine microorganisms into the plume?
--And stating that they are a Natl Lab and "those things would not be allowed?" What shoddy reporting is this?! Please explain what they think would not be allowed? Because as best as I can figure from this article, they feel they can do anything out there in the Gulf; adding whatever chemicals or genetically engineered organisms they want to experiment with!!!
WOW The great Oudini is back, once you see it the minute after it is gone. I am sooooo happy that such a magician is working on the case, I feel better now.
Let's start with some context:
Oil, in part, exists because organic growth millions of years ago when dead would fall down and collect. With no bacteria yet evolved to consume the dead matter, it would build up and the material eventually found it's way into the substrate of our planet's surface and became what we know as oil. It was only a few million years later that bacteria (& organisms) finally evolved to consume dead matter.
It's not ironic to me that eventually bacteria would eventually catch up to finish off the oil. Whether that bacteria evolves naturally or is engineered for the purpose of eating oil is inevitable. And how it affects the environment will be of little concern unless that bacteria find it's hungrier for alternate forms of carbon based matter... or happens to find its way into the oil still buried under ground. I imagine the latter being far more detrimental to the short term interests of manufacturing & consumer based economies/societies.
If anything, this strain of bacteria is more interesting to me in its capacity to consume hydrocarbons because the next logical food choice on the menu could be plastics. If that's the case or even remotely possible, then bacteria may very well be useful for not just eating up oil spills, but also plastic garbage patches the size of Texas floating around in our oceans. Which reminds me, why aren't we so worried about that?
Wow. How do we know these bacteria won't band together, become conscious and . . .and eat WHALES!
Thank you Rebecca Boyle for a detailed and balanced article. It's nice to know that there is hope that the impact of the disaster may be a little less than initially feared.
So I am going to have to get my car inoculated so this bacteria doesn't eat up my gas or motor oil or tires or windshield wiper blades?
@taysoren
Years ago, as a Corps of Engineers Officer, I had several opportunities to work with EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) folks. They were deadly serious on the job. Deadly serious. They had to be.
When the occasional accident occurred and the dust settled, they would account for everyone to make sure nobody had gotten hurt or killed. Inevitably, someone would say "Nobody got hurt? Good. Must not have been dangerous, then!"
It was a bit of irony. The words were used to mean the direct opposite of their literal meaning. It did not mean that what had happened wasn't dangerous. They clearly understood that what had happened was dangerous and that expression actually meant "We'd better do an AAR and find out what the hell went wrong and not let it happen again because it sure as h*ll WAS dangerous."
Your attitude, a common one, takes the same form, but misses the fact that just because "nobody got hurt" in this case does not mean it wasn't dangerous.
Now take your motivated social cognition, which helps you to fit in with your selected group of neo-conservative associates without fear of ostracism, and fence off an area for yourself where you can carelessly and obliviously crap on your environment to your heart's content and without fear that you will do any harm to yourself.
Using resources is fine and necessary. Abusing resources and damaging others is foolish in the extreme.
You might do well to learn about what Conservatives at the start of the 20th Century thought about the need to preserve nature as much as possible. You might find it interesting that a President by the name of Theodore Roosevelt, a Republican, was chummy with John Muir. They shared one intense interest in common: Conservation.
So what happens if/when these microbes find their way into the oil wells?
@QIII,
There's a fundamental difference here. Explosives are inherently dangerous. There are no individuals looking at unexploded ordinance saying: "this isn't as bad as it looks." However, regarding this spill, there were many researchers indicating early that we were so fortunate this spill happened where it did.
Unfortunately, because of the neo-uber-liberal nonsense-crunching society we live in, no one would listen to them; oil, an already irrationally feared material, was leaking into the ocean... this was no time to be rational!!
The real problem is that next time this happens (and it WILL happen again) we will all freak out again, and villainize people, companies, and fluids. The neolibs are just as bad as the neocons. Neither side will look at something objectively. In billions of years, nothing has permanently ruined our planet. Including colliding space debris. Let's all calm down. In 10 years we'll laugh about this. In 100 years we'll laugh about global warming, too.
The worst thing that happened with this spill was the loss of 11 human lives. Let's be 100% clear on that. I'd dump a lot more oil in the Gulf if I thought it would bring them back.
@jake111
When that happens, electric cars will finally become economically feasible. No legislation required.
NOMNOMNOM!!!
@FlexGunship
Generally, it can be said that the unexpected explosion of C4 relative to a person can be fortunate with regard to where it happens.
If it happens at great distance, no harm.
If it happens close in, great harm.
You are correct. We were fortunate that it happened where it did. "Must not have been dangerous, then."
Move the same accident 50 miles north.
Still not dangerous?
Raw crude is inherently dangerous to delicate ecosystems. Will it destroy the world? No. Will it destroy a local ecosystem. Yes.