The most explicit look yet at the impact that wiped out more than half of all life on earth

Barringer Crater courtesy NASA

For years scientists have debated the cause of the mass extinction that killed off the dinosaurs and a slew of other species on Earth 65.5 million years ago. Now, after reviewing 20 years worth of data and research, an international team of scientists concludes that it was a a huge meteorite strike that triggered the extinction.

In the late 1970s, a geophysicist discovered an impact crater in Yucatán, Mexico, and analysis showed the crater's date of origin to be the end of the Cretaceous. Geologic data indicate that the meteorite that produced the Chicxulub crater -- which lies partially buried beneath the Yucatán Peninsula -- was between 10 and 15 kilometers (6 and 10 miles) in diameter and caused an explosion on Earth that was a billion times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The material that blasted into the atmosphere triggered a global winter, and researchers say much of life on Earth was gone within days.

Dr. Penny Barton, an author of the review, says "Our work lets us visualise the astonishing events of the few minutes after impact. The front of the asteroid hit the Earth while the far side was still out in the upper atmosphere, punching a hole though the Earth's atmosphere. As the asteroid vapourised explosively, it created a crater 30 km deep and 100 km across, with sides as high as the Himalayas. However within only two minutes the sides collapsed inwards and the deepest parts of the crater rebounded upwards to leave a wide, shallow hollow."

"These terrifying events led to darkness and a global winter, resulting in the extinction of more than 70 percent of known species. The tiny shrew-like mammals which were around at that time proved better adapted to survival than the cumbersome dinosaurs, and the removal of these dominant animals paved the way for the radiation of the mammals and eventual emergence of humans on Earth."

During the Cretaceous, the period in geologic time that covers from about 145 million to 65 million years ago, the oceans were populated by marine reptiles and other species, and dinosaurs dominated the land. But at the end of this period, a mass extinction occurred -- which wiped out more than half the existing species on Earth, including the dinosaurs. Scientists refer to this point in the geologic record as the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary.

Elisabetta Pierazzo of the Planetary Science Institute and David Crawford of Sandia National Laboratory were the first researchers to create 3-D simulations of the Chicxulub event. Their models showed that the impact's effects on Earth's climate were even more dramatic than previously thought. Although marine and land ecosystems show only minor changes during the 500,000 years prior to the K/Pg boundary, the abrupt decrease in species diversity occurs precisely at the time of the boundary.

Not all scientists support the Chicxulub hypothesis -- some have attributed the climate change and mass extinction to global cooling and acid rain that occurred on Earth as a result of volcanic activity on the Indian subcontinent. But Pierazzo says the sulfur oxides that were ejected into the atmosphere during the volcanic eruptions were distributed over several hundred thousand years, whereas the major biological changes at the end of the Cretaceous era appear to have happened abruptly and at the exact time that the Chicxulub hit.

A paper on the study appears in the March 4 issue of the journal Science.

42 Comments

The dinosaurs were killed off by change. You can try to point to this thing or that thing, but the fact is, when everything around is evolving, you can either evolve into something else, or you can die off. The dinosaurs were killed off by change. Nothing last forever, and humans will be no different.

My comment is for the guy who left the above comment. Apparently you are a scientist and you have spent many years researching the extinction of the dinosaurs like these people. My only question is why did the science community come to you sooner, because you seem to know more than all these other brilliant people who have spent their lives researching this one particular event in history? Get a clue dude you are obviously not anyone whose opinion is worth having considering you are just some guy commenting someone else article. When you get your own article published and can back up what you say with proof people might listen to you. Until then keep your uneducated opinions to yourself.

Given the statement "The front of the asteroid hit the Earth while the far side was still out in the upper atmosphere...", and the assumed diameter of "..between 10 and 15 kilometers...", I think a fact check on the height of the upper atmosphere might be in order?
www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm

LOL at the second comment laughing at the first comment and rightfully so! "The dinosaurs were killed off by change". Wow. How much intensive research went into that study?
Yeah, they were killed by change allright. The photo in the article is the crater in Arizona, which is 1.2 KM across. The crater they are talking about (the extinction event) is about 50 times wider. The change that happened was probably an immediate drop of temperature and light, accompanied by choking dust and ash.
But don't be too hard on our budding scientist with amazing deductive powers. He is probably busy 'evolving into something else'.
Backtobasics appears to be correct. "The exosphere is on top of the thermosphere which extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above our planet." An object capable of touching the earth's surface and also extending beyond the atmosphere would be so large it possibly would destroy it completely.

I find it interesting that most dig sites I've been to describe a thin layer of silt that has been found on top of the dinosaurs who all have appeared to have perished at the same time.

Seems like some in the science community go to far lengths stretching facts in their favor to come up with anything but the possibility of drowning!

It is necessary to look at the reason why the dinosaurs had to be eliminated. It was no accident. If the dinosaurs had been allowed to evolve, there would be intelligent dinosaurs here on earth at this time. Because the dinosaurs are naturally evolved, they would not have an energy field as humans have. Humans are a hybrid creature having a physical body in this dimension and an intelligent energy field that exists in a hyperspace co-dimension. From Hemi-Syncing we know that it is possible to resonate this energy field at its natural frequency of 3 to 4 Hz. This causes the energy field to pop out of the body through the pineal gland. The Anunnaki who created us were forced to come to this solar system for the purpose of creating the human being. They found that the clones were not able to do any useful work because the physical body was itself not intelligent. EN.KI, the genetic scientist, had to therefore make incantations to the spirit world in order to bring an intelligent being into the physical body. That is, we are an intelligent energy being living in a body container. The whole purpose of all of this was to win the battle of Revelations which took place in 2001. Low frequency, low energy energy beings, who we would term demonic, were coming through a geometrical subspace manifold in order to project into our dimension. This manifold is the one that projects all our physics constants into this dimension. So the aim of the demonic beings was to project into all of our dimension and possess all the people living in this dimension. By creating a powerful energy being from the human energy field with a knowledge of this tetrahedral manifold, it was possible to stop these beings there and destroy them. This future event was seen by the people living in a super fractal of the universe known as the Upper Tetrahedron about 100 million years ago. The subspace tetrahedron projects the electron and proton into our dimension. This accumulation of geometry manifests itself in the 19.5 vortices found on all the planets as well as the hexagon at the north pole of Saturn. On earth you can see it in the Caribbean island vortex. On Jupiter it is the giant red spot vortex that is twice the size of earth. In terms of geometry, it is where the corners of a tetrahedron touch a circumscribing sphere. As part of this Revelations project, it was necessary to create the Pleiadian Federation that developed the Beamship in order to teleport here to earth to participate in this battle. You can see the Beamship in the Billy Meier Super-8 films that he took of Semjase's craft in Switzerland. In order to amend for eliminating the dinosaurs, the reptiles were moved into a hyperspace co-dimension. They evolved over 65 million years into the intelligent reptilian Nagas. They are the ones who made the Julia Set crop circle in England. It was a control test to show that this evolution would have happened to the dinosaurs who would not have had the means to protect this dimension. So that is the reason that the aliens had to nudge an asteroid into the earth.

Drowning Dinosaurs?
19.5 Vortices and the Pleiadian Federation?
Both of these posts do an effective job of promoting religion - they both make me slap my forehead and exclaim, "Jesus!"

To JohnStClair, I think you may at the wrong website. This site is for people who have an interest in Science. Perhaps your comments would get a better reception at Popular Lunatic.

The dinosaurs became extinct, coincidently, because of a new creature that ruled all the lands. He was mean and evil and only desired to destroy everything it could. Obamasaurus was it's name. The Latin version is Demobamapelosireidius! !!

What I can't ignore is something noted paleontologist Dr. Robert Bakker said - there have been no dinosaur fossils found in the K-T Boundary or afterward. I have yet to hear or read any other scientist either agree with or disagree with this statement.

No fossils in the K-T Boundary means they were already extinct when the meteorite hit.

Bakker went on to say many of the species became extinct long before the impact, some millions of years before.

Bakker has quite a resume and I'm inclined to believe him until something or someone disproves him.

I agree with the first post; it is quite obvious the dinosaurs were killed off by change.

Spare change, when dropped from prodigious heights, normally the Empire State Building, can be lethal. Yet the failed Obama Administration does NOTHING.

Not so fast! The process of extinction in a biosphere is layered, and replacement by process of convergence of a new species or a permanent change in the environment must also be explained.

Was there a reduction in oxygen that made large dinosaurs or new dino-birds impossible?
Why didn’t small dinosaurs survive and revive them?

Did the plants change to be dominated by flowering plants starving dino’s out. Mutually feeding and spreading the new dominance of infectious birds?

For my personal cosmology birds travel farther migrating across several continents creating new infectious diseases, just as they do today. As a close relative of dinosaurs they infect them like the Indians in the new world. Without genetic immunities, or adequate mixing that provide it, the dino’s are replaced by birds. But, exceptions can be explained, eating an animal and digesting it creates cut and dead virus exposure. Picture a sort of vaccination provided by digestion. This allows creatures that consume birds like crocodiles the opportunity to survive. Without elaborating the history of HIV is modern proof of this principal.

The principal of replacement, convergence, can be tested though, by applying it to the decline of protohumans. If replacement is an important factor of extinction, an infectious worldly relative is the closed culprit. That means the boat around 60 to 40 thousand years ago would create trade and exchange of infectious immunities in humans, but not Neanderthals. The advent of trade caused their exposure; the Neanderthals themselves would successfully hunt and infect each other to extinction. How can we prove it? The teeth may show death of late Neanderthals by infections disease and the DNA of viruses would be left in their teeth. The teeth of King Tut showed that he had malaria when he died.

Sorry, but extinction is only part of the story.

@LinuxOne - you are obviously referring to "The Flood". So here's a follow up: If the story in the bible is true, wouldn't there still be dinosaurs on earth? After all didn't Noah gather all of the animals by twos and put them in his little boat?

oh OH LOL!

@John StClair - hehehe ok...

Some of you don't seem to get my point. First of all, the dinosaurs did evolve. We call them birds. Second, not all dinosaurs were killed off. We call them crocodiles. Third, of the dinosaurs that were killed of, they were not all killed off at once. There were several events of different kinds over millions of years that are responsible for the extinctions, evolutions, and survivals. My basic point is this. Had no meteor ever hit the earth the time of the dinosaurs would still have passed with extinctions, evolutions, and a few rare survivals. The nature of change is the change of nature. Sorry if that somehow offends a couple of you.

^and aligators, oh and sharks, and lizards, and.....

wtf is going on in these comments...

Mostly all of you have a problem with what 'theory' actually means.
Mostly all of you seem unable to read that well.

"mass extinction occurred -- which wiped out more than HALF the existing species on Earth, including the dinosaurs"

Not to mention there are dozens of theories that are supported by some kind of evidence, all didn't happen to kill everything instantaneously. The k/pg boundary itself has a ~300,000 year deviation.

I want to know what species we don't get to enjoy today because Noah had to feed the T-rex *something*

Imagine:

1) the incredible amount of methane on that ark

2) having 'kennel duty' every morning

3) letting these starving beasts go, realizing they cannot eat each other lest we have further decline in species.

4) realizing you must now be vegetarian until these animals vastly repopulate lest we have further decline in species
(It's really amazing there are so many modern carnivorous species, eh?)

5) wow, lack of the opposite sex in the new world.

^they all ate bunnies, they reproduced super fast.

deanrd7

See, the way it worked was, the animals came to Noah, not the other way around. And the "little boat" you mention was 450 feet long and 45 feet high, 3 levels, each with over 33,000 square feet of space. And there ARE still dinosaurs on Earth, me for one.

Since half the species did survive the selectivity of the extinction must also be explained. Was it the cold favoring feathered bird dinosaurs, then why did the alligators survive? What plants went extinct? Since dino’s dominated were dinosaurs that selective, and dependent of eaters? Was there a huge tidal wave drowning all tall walking creatures, but not tunneling and sea animals, than why no other swimming dinosaurs surviving? I have no doubt that the meteor created the environment for extinction, but the statement does not fully explain the contradictory, and selectivity of it.

Anyone who thinks one meteor hit the earth and everything went poof is foolish. A large meteor 'event' on the other hand is plausible and quite likely. 65 million years ago there was still instability in our Solar System. The large meteor in Mexico may well have been preceded by other earthly events from the bombardment of meteors, strong radiation fields, and magnetic events including the creation of earthquakes and volcanic activity. After the largest meteor hit (that we currently know of) other smaller meteors and plate activity would have further made conditions on the planet deadly. I don't think KT is one event. It is a series of events that lasted well over 300,000 years.

Meshca, people love a simple answer. The butler did it! :)

Uhhhh not true humans will never go extinct with technology....

Killed by change hahahahahahaha.

A lot of underrated scientists posting today. Don't any of you folks feel even slightly silly questioning these experts from your well-established positions of more-or-less complete cluelessness? Really, it seems a bit weird. How did you guys become experts all of a sudden?

@Gillian708: While those are all logical and valid points, you have to realize that for people who believe the literal truth of the bible, "God did it." is also a logical and valid explaination for just about anything you can come up with.

i don't dissagree with you, just pointing out the futility of applying logic to the bible.

It is not that these amateur scientist are dumb, it is merely that they smell a rat and want to offer up another hypothesis.

Note that this convluence included no new science. It was a bunch of scientist, who already largely agreed, getting together to share previously published research, only to culminate with a VOTE on the issue.

Last time I checked, good science did not occur due to a vote of the opion of scientist.

The problem with science today is that it has forgotten how to say "we don't know" or "we havn't figured it out yet." Where theories once existed to drive hypothesis and esting, they now exist to close debate and exlclude nay-sayers.

Flooding, aliens, diesease, natural evolutionary progress, and many other theories have been raised and debated, and none of them have been proven (though some have been found more likely than others).

So, what we have here is a consensus of some smart people in the field. Not a final answer that is beyond debate. If other theories didn't come flying out of the woodwork, I would be sad for the conformist state of science in the world.

Also note that these people WANT the naysayers to come out of the woodwork. After all, how else will they publish for profit and tenure - they need disscent - and nothing causes dissent like claiming absolute truth to a bunch of scientist.

master0675, nuclear weapons are technology and they could definitely act in our own extinction. Cyborgs are technology. Would that be evolution? Either way, no more humans.

Perhaps one day will have a debate about what destroyed the pyramids. Some will say aliens. Others will say a giant asteroid. But the truth will be the slow change of simple wind and erosion. The pyramids will be destroyed by change.

Why333. heh never know, someone will probably end up bombing them cause they don't give a rats ass. It's happened in the past (with world wonders).

Why333, you're right. Change is the root cause of all... wait... ummm... change is the root cause of all change? That's circular reasoning. While change may be at the root of all change, it doesn't answer any questions; it doesn't reveal knowledge, which is the purpose of science.

You may as well say that dinosaurs went extinct becasue they died. You could even stretch your reasoning to say that time was the cause of their extinction or perhaps that their birth was the root cause. All of those comments are equally valid, and all fail to identify any definable events that caused the extinction, which is the purpose of the article.

Oh, and crocodiles are not a type of dinosaur. Look it up.

What do you want me to look up?
"They descended from psuedosuchians who walked on their hind legs, and lived during the late Triassic period. The skull of the crocodile still resembles in many ways those of the primitive archosaurs. Their bodies, however, developed the external appearance of the phytosaurs because of their aquatic lifestyle. The crocodile is the only archosaur that survived the still unknown factors that wiped out most of the reptile class at the end of the Mesozoic period. Though modern crocodiles walk on 4 legs, their two legged ancestry is revealed by their hind legs which are longer than the front legs, making them slant forward when they stand. The crocodilian skull still carries a basically archosaurean shape. It has a rather long, pointed skull, especially in the fish eating species of crocodiles."

Crocodiles have been on Earth for roughly 200 million years. They are cold-blooded reptiles that spend much of their time submerged in water. There are 23 different species, with the largest being the saltwater crocodile of Northern Australia. “Salties,” as they are known as, can reach lengths of over 20 feet and can weigh over 2000 pounds. Fossil remains of ancient crocodiles have recently revealed a so-called “Super-Croc” measuring well over 35 feet long. (Britton, 2002)

" Crocodiles have been relatively successful since the disappearance of the dinosaurs, with the exception of their interaction with human beings. Many species of crocodile are presently endangered because of human negligence and poaching."

I apologize, it's a reptile, however it existed for over 200 million years in one form or another.

the only difference is semantics in warm-blooded vs. cold-blooded.

Meshca/Whys333, in the future, if you're going to use two logins to create an appearance of widespread support for your fallacious arguments, please keep them straight. When your age is revealed, you spoil the victory.

Enjoy talking to yourself.

I think dinosaurs evolve to such an intelligent state that they could see the future. They saw us , here and today, and they could not stop laughing, so they died out of fun.

@fridayz
I don't have fallacious arguments. I also have only a single log in, please put your paranoia aside, conceded fool.

Loving the Noah's ark comments, and I'm sad that I was not here earlier to make them.
viva la flood!

Bruce Anderson on FaceBook

I am not so sure a impact caused it, You know Yellow Stone is one of the Biggest Volcanic Hot spots, whos to say it was not something along the lines of something as Big as such that could have Blacked out the sun, droping the temp.

One I have thought about as I research for My Book called Elisheva & The Ways Stones I am seeking to write on writing.com, What about a Rouge Planet that is on the other side of the sun in near Orbit as to Ours an only comes round every so many Millions of Years. Blocking out the sun Droping the temp, sence I am Looking at Cooling an warming paterns whos to say the Earth just simply changes it figure 8 path cause-ing warming an or cooling.

Heck the flood the bible talks about could have caused by such a Volcanic Vent with a Very large Ice sheet atop it,

The dinosoars died as a result of driving really big SUV's resulting in global warming that eventually cooked the planet. Gorasaurus tried to warn them but they wouldn't listen.

@ Windsong. I've read there was also a lot of volcanic activity during that time but not enough to cause mass extinction, merely to make life 'uncomfortable.' However, in combination with this colision and other factors, it caused a mass extinction. We can all fight over what single thing caused it or set it in motion and never reach a conclusion because it was not one thing.

As for a 'rouge planet,' I don't see how if such a phenomenon happened, it would block out the sun for what.. 1minute? provided it was huge and was close enough to earth to cause a solar eclipse.

As most religious stories, the flood one is over-exaggerated. It deals with the world as the Mesopotamian(and surrounding) civilization new it at the time, which is a small area. A horrific flood is plausible, so is the Arc, but it is nowhere near a 'cleansing of the whole world.' I haven't studied much on NA,SA,and Asian ancient civilizations but I've never read about a flood happening in their recorded history (that's not to say it hasn't happened).

Honestly... i agree with Whys333.... Intelligent Design is just too convincing... must agree...

I cannot really add to the thoughtful passionate comments. Except to say that I too believe in evolution and change, however, there appears to be a escalation of change that is occurring due to misuse of the earths natural resources and our human need for continued improved technology and gadgets to stimulate is becoming unbearable. In order to really take stock of the blood we are draining from the earth, we must cease our love affair with all things new and beautiful and begin standing tall as one to care for all living creatures, that includes plant life, animals, our neighbors and the earth itself.

Craig
www.thatwashistory.com

Wow. I may need to give up PopSci comments altogether, it's so insane it's actually depressing.



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