Brain damage has unleashed extraordinary talents in a small group of otherwise ordinary individuals. Will science find a way for everyone to tap their inner virtuoso?

Pure Genius
Pure Genius:  Paul Lachine and Graham Murdoch

Bruce Miller directs the UCSF Memory and Aging Center in San Francisco, where as a behavioral neurologist he treats elderly people stricken with Alzheimer’s disease and late-life psychosis. One day in the mid-1990s, the son of a patient pointed out his father’s new obsession with painting. As his father’s symptoms worsened, the man said, his paintings improved. Soon, Miller began to identify other patients who displayed unexpected new talents as their neurological degeneration continued. As dementia laid waste to brain regions associated with language, higher-order processing, and social norms, their artistic abilities exploded.

Though these symptoms defied conventional wisdom on brain disease in the elderly—artists afflicted with Alzheimer’s typically lose artistic ability—Miller realized they were consistent with another population described in the literature: savants. That wasn’t the only similarity. Savants often display an obsessive compulsion to perform their special skill, and they exhibit deficits in social and language behaviors, defects present in dementia patients. Miller wondered if there might be neurological similarities too. Although the exact mechanisms at work in the brains of savants have never been identified and can vary from case to case, several studies dating back to at least the 1970s have found left-hemispheric damage in autistic savants with prodigious artistic, mathematical, and memory skills.

Sudden Sculptor
Sudden Sculptor : After suffering a head injury as a toddler, Alonzo Clemons began to spontaneously sculpt animals with incredible accuracy and speed.  Courtesy Nancy Mason/Gifted Hands

Miller decided to find out precisely where in the left hemisphere of regular savants—whose skills usually become apparent at a very young age—these defects existed. He read the brain scan of a five-year-old autistic savant able to reproduce intricate scenes from memory on an Etch-a-Sketch. Single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed abnormal inactivity in the anterior temporal lobes of the left hemisphere—exactly the results he found in his dementia patients.

In most cases, scientists attribute enhanced brain activity to neuroplasticity, the organ’s ability to devote more cortical real estate to developing skills as they improve with practice. But Miller offered a wholly different hypothesis for the mechanisms at work in congenital and acquired savants. Savant skills, Miller argues, emerge because the areas ravaged by disease—those associated with logic, verbal communication, and comprehension—have actually been inhibiting latent artistic abilities present in those people all along. As the left brain goes dark, the circuits keeping the right brain in check disappear. The skills do not emerge as a result of newly acquired brain power; they emerge because for the first time, the areas of the right brain associated with creativity can operate unchecked.

Full Spectrum
Full Spectrum: Savant skills lie on a spectrum of ability; Clemons is considered the rare prodigious savant—one whose talent would be exceptional even for a person not impaired in any way.  Courtesy Nancy Mason/Gifted Hands

The theory fits with the work of other neurologists, who are increasingly finding cases in which brain damage has spontaneously, and seemingly counterintuitively, led to positive changes—eliminating stuttering, enhancing memory in monkeys and rats, even restoring lost eyesight in animals. In a healthy brain, the ability of different neural circuits to both excite and inhibit one another plays a critical role in efficient function. But in the brains of dementia patients and some autistic savants, the lack of inhibition in areas associated with creativity led to keen artistic expression and an almost compulsive urge to create.

* * *

In the weeks after his accident, Amato’s mind raced. And his fingers wanted to move. He found himself tapping out patterns, waking up from naps with his fingers drumming against his legs. He bought a keyboard. Without one, he felt anxious, overstimulated; once he was able to sit down and play, relief washed over him, followed by a deep sense of calm. He’d shut himself in, sometimes for as long as two to three days, just him and the piano, exploring his new talent, trying to understand it, letting the music pour out of him.


Amato experienced other symptoms, many of them not good. Black and white squares appeared in his vision, as if a transparent filter had synthesized before his eyes, and moved in a circular pattern. He was also plagued with headaches. The first one hit three weeks after his accident, but soon Amato was having as many as five a day. They made his head pound, and light and noise were excruciating. One day, he collapsed in his brother’s bathroom. On another, he almost passed out in Wal-Mart.

Still, Amato’s feelings were unambiguous. He felt certain he had been given a gift, and it wasn’t just the personal gratification of music: Amato’s new condition, he quickly realized, had vast commercial potential.

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14 Comments

Finally,
a piece which balances case studies, scientific observations and opinions. Too many articles on PS are a bit heavy on two of the three. Given my psychonaut experiences in college, I would have to agree that there are many dormant areas of the brain for which the bridges have just decayed. I used to be into increasing neuron-plasticity with healthy amounts of nootropics and phenylethylamines. For all of the hard work and reconstruction, it only allows me to develop new talents faster(using the Ebbinghaus 55-55 method), rather than to refine hidden and dormant abilities.
Removing the "child locks" on one's brain through brain injury, or hallucinogen use may seem like the shortcut, and believe me it does unlock "artistic" abilities, but the cost of bypassing the right hemisphere wrecks havoc on one's sense of mental balance. Someday we may find ways to unlock the savant potential in everyone; however I suspect that the abilities gained will come at the cost of the annihilation of other types of logical processing being done by the brain.

Its funny how they prove that the learned patterns are the biggest impediment to being a genius.

Alonzo is employed at my work. He comes in for a hour or two every couple days and does simple tasks that he enjoys and feels proud of. We sell restaurant equipment, supplies and parts... he usually screws on tops to salt and pepper shakers, rolls strip curtains (which he calls popsicles)and a few other things. He has been with us since April of 1998 and ALWAYS has a smile on his face. I have had the honor of shipping his sculptures to customers and am blown away at the amount of detail that each one has. He's an amazing guy.

So when frustrated, just bang your head, lol.

1.7 Million brain trauma deaths per year (US only)... estimated 7-10 savants alive worldwide. Not the best odds.

So PopSci finally got around to watching Ingenious Minds on the Science Channel, eh?

Ok. This says that there have been around 30 or so of these people recognized as acquired savants. Yet we know that there are quite likely some more that are not discussed here, and in any real analysis of this acquired trait, they must be recognized due to the real danger they represent. Genius serial killers and criminals.
We know that they often take these exact types of head shots when young, and had often never exhibited any of the associated behaviors of a serial killer, nor of genius before.
So to me, this is the downside of acquired savantism. You could end up real bright in a couple things, and be theoretically capable of great things, and never end up with any decent thing in life ever again.
Please don't go knockin yerselves in the head with a rolling pin. It probably won't work.

In a strange way it kind of backs up the stories of the ancients who told of the "gods" who came from the heavens and created man. The gods then realized that we were too smart for THEIR own good and then manipulated us to dumb us down. All that suppressed intelligence is in there in our brains just waiting for something to unsuppress it.

As a victim of anoxic brain damage, I can tell you my cognitive process change. The damage was not as severe, it too years to diagnose, but the change was still something I have to adapt to and deal with on a daily basis.

My IQ is the same but I process information differently and my reaction to stress is disproportionate.

What we (and medical professionals also) need to take away from this is that although not all of us become "savants", brain damage usually requires personal reorganization. We also have to realize that "disabled" also usually implies "other-abled".

I almost died from anaphylactic shock. What bothers me the most is that I had to wait over five years for a diagnosis of brain damage. Shouldn't patients be advised when they experience concussion or anyphylaxsis to watch for changes in cognition and responses to environmental stimuli?

I'm also asthmatic. When I'm having trouble breathing and my brain gets less oxygen my concentration is affected and my thoughts get less organized.

People under the influence of drugs also experience temporary, or in some cases permanent reorganization of cognitive process.

The importance of understanding this phenomenon is not limited to "savants", but to anyone dealing with physical changes to the way their brain works.

OK, solved that 9 dots puzzle in about 5 minutes without every knowing about it or goggling the answer, wonder if someone bonked me on the head, and i didn't remember it? :)

The carrot. You are going to use this article to reduce suicide rates. My IQ is down but my understanding, as if in feeling has been freaky. I believe you will find a corollary in individuals recovering from long term opoid dependence and increased neural plasticity also with a High correlation for innovative rehabilitative techniques. So many things became so obvious and simple to me, while other things became more challenging. Started at 144 on Stanford Binet in youth and Tried to develop my brain. Was in Blood Research at WRAIR, injured neck (never deployed), chronic pain, and Multiple pain meds. I discontinued all the opiates over a year ago now but still live with chronic pain. My mind is Not the same, using photography as an adjunctive form of self directed diversive focus relative to pain management and as a form of creative play for physical rehabilitation, I ended up with over 40,000 photos in around a year. Hyper senssory awareness is a developable trait. Social Interaction Therapy has merit to reduce feelings of separation anxiety in our existing military populations through social media (which can easily be configured to notify changes in mental state). I can see as if feel, others allude to empathy. In a little over a year, over 40,000 photos on facebook, the poetry, the writing,... Because I still deal with chronic pain, my sleep may avg. as little as a few hours a day for the last year, have felt like the guy from Powder, even my rate of speech has frequently increased, noticed relative to others perceptions. Have no particular delusion of Grandeur and do not believe that I am any more than I am. Always had Empathy, tried to understand the mind, the big and the small, and more than most can imagine. Neck injury 2005, artificial disk 2007, discontinued opiods for Pain Mgmnt. Noveber 2011. Got on facebook, got camera, realized people weren't seeing what I was seeing (from studying everything from micro to macro, relative to science), tried to develop creative visualization to see (sense) energy, if you will, but now instead of being somewhat of a forced conceptualization, I Many times, look at something, tree, animal, writing,... and see some unique form of structure. I Know that I am a by-product of my development but something did change. I have the Feeling that I'm supposed to change the world and I know that it is true. I have no personal delusion that I am smarter than anyone else, Have met many smarter people in my life. Without going into detail,in a thought, rock climbers accelerate neuronal growth in areas of brain associated with balance, agility, and some fine motor control (read once on Twitter I think, maybe a year ago), sleep deprivation can have suppressive effect on the parts of the mind responsible for rational thought ( this Could explain some of my noticeable effects, Yes ), so You may rightly question, I would. I can't recall everything I learned, but I feel much of it. Would you like to reduce global mortality? Change healthcare? Make our communities stronger? Our Country? I honestly Feel that I can help a lot of people. The science backs Most of what I seem to feel now. If I can help you, let me know. Maybe not the stringent definition of acquired savant syndrome, but My understanding (or lack thereof, lol)has the thought that I'm supposed to Help change the world. Sincerely, Winston Melvin. I didn't really correct this on purpose, everything here revolves around the same feeling and I think with the right pople that I might be able to help them weave the science together much of what I mention. It's hard to get people to Understand the IMPLICATIONS. Whether from opiod recovery, novel rehabilatative techniques involving creative play created increased neuronal growth (development of neural plsticity), a related suppressive effect on the mind from chronic pain and effects of sleep deprivation, the picture is much broader than I can explain here, but I'm willing to try, As able. Whoever is most knowledgeable in this research should probably contact me, 850-867-3216, sincerely, Winston Melvin ? I believe you may also find some possible confirmation of this in the writings of Robert Anson Heinlein and too many others to imagine. Have a wonderful weekend.

I'd have to agree with Snyder's idea. I have mediocre musical abilities, and didn't really notice until a few years ago that when I think of a song in my head, it's much like as if I hummed it. One voice, no chords really (some overtones). I can make it sound like a violin or a trumpet, but it's still one note at a time.

But one night when falling asleep I had a song in my head, and suddenly I realized I could hear chords, I could hear the melody and the harmony simultaneously, like I was listening to a whole choir! It surprised me so much I woke up, and the song went back to the usual boring style. This has happened a couple other times, always when I'm drifting in or out of sleep. It seems to me that a part of the brain that usually suppresses something is inactive, and the music part gets free rein.

@nerf herder:
Yes, your mind is more open to creativity at times when you are at the edges of sleep. If you'd like to unlock a bit more, try listening to a meditative podcast in the morning while drinking coffee (both to counter the logical "what-are-you-doing-don't-color-outside-the-lines" part of your mind), while seated in front of your creative medium of choice (be it piano, sketchpad, block of wood, lump of clay, etc.)
Don't let the rational part of your brain win. Don't let it tell you "this is pointless" or "you suck at drawing", but instead watch the pencil brush the paper. Focus on one piano key's voice. Keep going. The ideal outcome of this situation (which is contingent upon you having a proficiency with your medium) is what Mihály Csíkszentmihályi termed as "flow" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology) )
You can also use this rather ghetto technique of calming podcast + coffee to learn a new skill, like Illustrator or Photoshop, and explore new possibilities.

I would very curious to study the creative possibilities of minds of recovered eating disorder patients, for two reasons: firstly, while an individual is afflicted with an eating disorder, the connection between "food" and "I need it" is blocked or destroyed. That indicates, to me, a possibility that "I need it" might now be connected to something like "art" or "music" or "running". Secondly, as an individual is holding themselves back from eating, they are rebelling against the social "rules" of how one should behave, leading me to wonder: would they, creatively, be more able to go completely against the grain? Similar to PaulaGem's comment about anoxic brain damage, subjecting the brain to an intense period of malnutrition might bring about a similar surge in creative output.


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