Movie courtesy of David Lentink
With the help of a two-foot-wide robotic fly, a vat of oil, and some tricks with smoke and lasers, an aerospace engineer has learned that Mother Nature figured out long ago the most efficient way to fly. Well, at least if you're really small.
It involves creating a vortex, like a miniature sideways tornado, over the leading edge of your wing, which reduces pressure above the wing's surface. The low pressure virtually sucks the wing up, doubling the lift it would normally achieve.
Maple tree seeds do this, as David Lentink, a professor at Wageningen University in the Netherlands and a researcher at the California institute of Technology, announced last week in the journal Science. Insects, hummingbirds and bats also do the trick, by sweeping their wings back and forth. Maple seeds create the vortices as they swirl to the ground, allowing for a much slower fall and a landing much farther from the tree.
The fact that tree seeds developed leading-edge vortices, on an utterly different evolutionary path than the flying fauna that would eat them, suggests it's one of the most efficient flight mechanisms around.
"It's astonishing. What it shows is that aerodynamics is so important in shaping the wings in evolution, that very, very different organisms have all evolved the same mechanism to boost their lift," Lentink said, adding that tree seeds evolved the trait without brains or muscles to help implement it. "It makes generating a leading-edge vortex a no-brainer, and that makes it really interesting."
To find out what helps the seeds achieve such efficient lift, Lentink needed to see them in action. Thankfully, researchers at Michael Dickinson's animal physiology laboratory at Caltech are experienced at measuring insect aerodynamics, using Robofly and the Bride of Robofly.
Robofly, a robotic fruit fly with a 23-inch wingspan that flaps 5 times per second, is immersed in two tons of mineral oil, which simulates the drag a real fruit fly would feel as it flapped its wings in the air. Its bride is a similar beast that can flap and simulate flying forward.
Lentink wanted to test the rotational movement of a maple seed twirling toward the ground, so he built a 5-inch maple seed -- about 5 times the size of a real one -- and hooked it up to Robofly's motors.
Numerous miniature glass beads were added to the oil, and Lentink shone a powerful laser on them to film the swirl created by the "falling" seed.
"The seed is spinning, going through the laser light sheet, and it hits a nice cross-section of the wing and the flow around it. You see the flow because of the glass spheres moving around the wing," he said.
He also tested 32 separate actual maple seeds in a vertical wind tunnel, to verify his findings with the real thing.
"It is surprising in many ways that these insects and maple leaves generate such lift," he said. "It will be interesting to understand why different motions evolved. It all depends on what they evolutionarily inherited, like muscles that can flap wings but not spin them continuously. For maple, it makes a lot of sense biologically that they should fly very well with their continuous spinning wings; maple seeds are propelled by gravity and turbulent gusts of wind. There is lots of stuff we don't know about this yet."So should we redesign our helicopters? Lentink said you probably wouldn't want a human-sized maple-copter -- bigger wings and faster speeds would lead to very unstable leading-edge vortices that would only last seconds. Plus, few passengers could stomach twirling 360 degrees throughout their flight, as maple seeds do.
But wee maple-like helicopters could do it, and they could be used for everything from surveillance to traffic monitoring to slowing down probes in the atmospheres of other planets. The Department of Defense has even tried developing miniature maple cameras.
"I think the future will be miniature helicopters with maple seed-like wings," Lentink said. "If you want to design very effective, efficient micro- or nano-scale air vehicles, it is better to aspire to the vortex created by the maple seed than the vortex created by an insect."
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.


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"It's astonishing. What it shows is that aerodynamics is so important in shaping the wings in evolution, that very, very different organisms have all evolved the same mechanism to boost their lift,"
A little to "astonishing" to have just "evolved" don't you think?
And arguably too astonishing to have been creatively designed...but I digress.
I'm not an evolutionary biologist, but I'm willing to bet that precisely because aerodynamics is so important in shaping the wings, if the maple seed didn't have that wing shape, it wouldn't have extra lift, and wouldn't be as fit for survival in the environments in which it is found, meaning it wouldn't be astonishing us right now at all.
Evolution could easily produce the wing shape, because without the wing shape, there might not be any maple seeds for us to discuss. In other words, their very existence means evolution HAD to produce that wing shape.
Whether or not some deity had a hand in the process, however, is a whole other discussion...
Nope, astonishing yet almost bound to happen based on a few simple principles, aerodynamics, natural selection.
zip55: "A little to "astonishing" to have just "evolved" don't you think?"
No kidding. Amazing how Darwinists pretend that statistical mechanics, combinatorial dependencies etc. are unimportant considerations (no doubt because they know nothing of them) and that blind, purposeless, mindless nature can build such things by mere trial and error + humongous gobs of pure luck.
Of course a simple airfoil shaped leaf with a positive lift to drag ratio isn't anywhere near as complex as the flight systems used by insects or birds. Without question those specific types of flight systems require intelligent guidance from the start or forget it. Otherwise you have a series of combinatorial dependent mutations + selection that must occur or assemble in coordination.
The probability of such occurring without teleology decreases exponentially with each new required part in any system whose parts must assemble in a specific order to function.
The idea of flight 'evolving' from non teleological processes like random mutations + selection is ludicrous.
Those who think it isn't do not understand the complexities or physiological implications of flying nor the real nature of mutations (bugs in the genetic code).
Vigier your comment is so ridiculously wrong its clearly useless to argue with. You're obviously just one of those religious fanatics who wouldn't know the truth if god himself presented it to you. Plus if you had a thorough understanding of statistical mechanics (which you're claiming are not accounted for by darwinists) you would understand that the scale of space and time in which trial and error is taking place is bound to produce some highly unlikely events. Given the amount of time and space available, even something with an extremely low probability of occurrence is bound to help eventually.
Also it's ignoring that these complex organs might have a slightly less complex, slightly less useful ancestor that still preformed a viable function. A vortex-wing came from a regular wing that came from something that helped you glide. It didn't just pop up all at once.
bdhoro87, You're assuming that there were massive amounts of time for these events to take place, which is impossible to prove there have been vast lengthes of time. I also believe that religion shouldn't be mixed with science, however, Christianity isn't a religion, It's a relationship with our Creator.
May I ask you, how did these things "evolve"? They didn't decide to, did they? and if they did, why can't we decide to evolve the ability of flight, or more advanced traits? From what I understand about how evolution explains the very emergence of life is that the right molecules needed to form DNA happend to come together in the primordial soup, and how did that DNA form life. DNA in itself isn't life, but the coded information to sustain life. But if that is so, why can we create life of our own? If it is so easy nature could do it, why can't we with all our technology, why can't we replicate those conditions. this theory is incredibly faulty and yet is taught as fact to all our children.
criticalscience wrote: impossible to prove there have been vast lengthes of time
Very well but also impossible to prove that Jesus was/is God. And so we have believers in evolution and believers in creationism. That's pretty much the end of the debate.
"Christianity isn't a religion"
From Websters
Chris·tian·i·ty
1 : the religion derived from Jesus Christ, based on the Bible as sacred scripture, and professed by Eastern, Roman Catholic, and Protestant bodies.
criticalscience try making at least a little bit of sense when you comment, otherwise we all might as well disregard the whole thing.
Anyway, I happen to agree with you on the idea that no life "decided" to evolve, and there is still room for some spiritual/mystic explanation until our science on the subject is more complete.
Its also quite ignorant to say "If it is so easy nature could do it, why can't we with all our technology, why can't we replicate those conditions." The fact is we don't know exactly how nature works, its a lot more complicated than any of the technology we've been able to develop. Even so, there have been many experiments attempting to replicate the conditions of the early earth, and most of them did end up forming the basic ingredients of DNA and life.
The theory is actually incredibly thorough and is taught to our children as the best theory we have. What do you think we should teach to children? That God created everything and there's no reason to try to figure it out on our own because the world was produced by God's magic?
It just is. Why bother to argue the point until anything is fact?
Scientology+Religion= True Creation
(They) created us, and (They) are still creating us, which causes evolution, because (They) know that (we) are still not done being created. Sorry to burst the bubble, but both parties are right and wrong
Ok peeps; here is the final end all answer between all my Christian friends AND all my pure Science friends:
Evolution did not make us, IT made us better. Darwin was mostly right, but by Inspired thought. An understanding at his time period only ~ ahead of his time absolutely, fully accurate just mostly.
If time travel was available and we could bring him here now and he can watch/see what has evolved, HE would have added some more chapters to "On the Origin of Species: for sure!
NOW: my quiz to the evolutionist...
How many years (millennium)x(n) To write Shakespeare or a Mad Magazine article? Would it take Nomura's Jellyfish and a googolplex of Dell Computers to do that? Hmmm...