The Sex Files
Plenty of new developments since our columnist last weighed in

It's been a hot week in the science of sex.

First of all, for all of you Intactivists out there (and I know there are a lot of you round these parts), a major finding might bolster your claim that routine circumcision isn't worth the risk. Two years ago, a study of HIV transmission in Africa was called off early by the NIH, because such stark evidence of circumcision's benefits was emerging that it no longer seemed ethical to keep going. But a large meta-review of 15 other studies -- led by Gregorio Millett and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association this week -- has determined that there is no such protective effect for men who have sex with men. Circumcision reduced any given gay or bisexual man's chance of being infected with HIV by only 14%, a figure that is well inside the margin of error. Studying circumcision is tricky -- double-blind studies are impossible, for obvious reasons -- and this is by no means a conclusive finding, but it will be a useful point of departure for other research on whether it's worthwhile for men to make the cut.

Just a few days ago, it seemed like testicles weren't useful for much besides fathering children and frying up into creamy, parsley-studded fritters. But this week scientists from Germany and the U.S. announced that they've managed to extract stem cells from testicular tissue. The researchers discovered a chemical process that can turn spermatogonial progenitor stem cells (the ones responsible for churning out billions of sperm over a man's lifetime) into plain old stem cells (you know, the magical ones that can turn into basically any human tissue). They ended up making SPCs (which were taken from men during biopsies and medical castrations) into gut tissue, cartilage, bone, and skin. If this technology proves fruitful, not only would testicular stem cells be significantly easier to generate than their embryonic brethren, but they'd neatly sidestep the ethical dilemmas that have hamstrung stem cell research over the past few years.

It's well documented that women earn less than men, even when they're doing supposedly equal work. It's less obvious whether biology, socialization, or some confluence of other factors causes this discrepancy. Economists Kristen Schilt and Matthew Wiswall thought up a clever tactic to control for personhood (i.e. "human capital") while changing their subjects' gender: they looked at the labor market outcomes of transsexuals. Schilt and Wiswall discovered that women who become men earn an average of 1.5% more than they had before their gender change; men who become women earn 32% less. Their paper also points out that male-to-female transgendered workers wait an average of ten years longer than their female-to-male counterparts to transition, perhaps because of the perceived economic advantage of being outwardly male in the workplace: "Becoming a woman often brings a loss of authority, harassment, and termination," they note, while "becoming a man often brings an increase in respect and authority."

7 Comments

"[Spermatogonial progenitor stem cells] neatly sidestep the ethical dilemmas that have hamstrung stem cell research over the past few years."

Maybe it's just my imagination, but it seems like every few months we hear about a new, non-embryonic stem cell source (blastomeres, amniotic stem cells, etc...). Has anything useful come from these other "ethical" stem cells?

Kind of gives a new meaning to the old line:

I'd give my left nut for a [fill in the blank]

I won't be lining up to donate.... I imagine pain.
Also, the note on fritters will take some time to recover from....

First of all, the African studies were not ended by The National Institutes of health, they were ended by the authors. The results were also questionable. The absolute difference was only 1.8%. But, we also have to look at other interventions as a comparison. For instance, the polio vaccine has only a 70% effectiveness yet wiped out polio in a single generation. If circumcision truly had a 61% protective factor, the vectors of transmission would be sufficiently broken that the infection could not survive and the only way HIV would be present in The US would be from constant and massive re-introduction into the country and that is just not happening.

On the equal pay for equal work issue, I can only speak from personal experience. In businesses I have owned and managed, the proportions of males and females was close to equal. But there were significant differences in the work ethic. When 5 o'clock came, you'd better not be standing in front of the door or the women would stampede you. The men would still be working often for additional hours. The women only worked overtime when it was required. The men would take the impetus to work even when it was not required. Only two of the women had children and one was an adult and the other was a teenager. This indicates a difference in motivation between the males and the females that would carry on during work hours and thus earnings. Comparisons can only be made if all factors are equal and they are obviously not equal.

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Frank OHara--The study was being funded and supported by the NIH (or rather, NIAID, the branch of the NIH that deals with infectious diseases), and as far as I know, it was the Data and Safety Monitoring Board of NIAID that decided to call it quits.

Here's the relevant press release: http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec2006/niaid-13.htm

"The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), announced an early end to two clinical trials of adult male circumcision because an interim review of trial data revealed that medically performed circumcision significantly reduces a man's risk of acquiring HIV through heterosexual intercourse.... [At] the regularly scheduled meeting of the NIAID Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) on December 12, 2006, reviewers assessed the interim data and deemed medically performed circumcision safe and effective in reducing HIV acquisition in both trials."

As for your anecdote about women in the workplace, it's very interesting...but as I'm sure you know, a difference in motivation between men and women at your company doesn't mean that the same thing is happening within the broader population. Or maybe the difference actually lay in your own perceptions and biases.

As for the comment about women stampeding to leave work because of some motivational deficiency, I beg to differ, Frank. Most of the women I know who work full-time are also carrying the load as a single mom or are married and still carrying a disproportionate load as a parent - picking up the kids, making dinner, etc. The majority of working women I have known and worked for over the past thirty years generally work rings around the men, honestly. Most churches would dry up and blow away if it weren't for the women working behind the scenes. Give me a break! Better yet, give the women a break, pal.

You're absolutely right that studying circumcision is tricky - not least because just everybody, including the researchers, has a vested interest in this most intimate modification. One of the most prominent, Daniel Halperin, is on record as thinking his descent from a ritual circumcisor means “maybe in some small way I’m ‘destined’ to help
pass along [circumcision] to people in [other] parts of the world … .” (Cover Story: The Case for Circumcision. By Gordy Slack. The East Bay Express Online. May 19-24, 2000.) Whatever else that it, it’s not science.

Every story about circumcision, including this one, seems determined to maximise the benefits and minimise or ignore the risks and actual harm. In the real (third) world, circumcision has an astonishing 18% complication rate in clinics, and 35% when "performed" by traditional circumcisors, according to the World Health Organisation.

As for gay men (and female partners), they're not asking what effect the penetrator's circumcision status has on the "penetree" - for example whether the hardened glans is more likely to create the micro-tears that facilitate the entry of HIV, or whether circumcised men become more vigorous/violent in intercourse as they try to stimulated their dramatically reduced number of nerve endings (there is ample evidence from US vs European porn that they do).



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