mammals

Is Play Unique to Mammals?

Fun is in the beak of the beholder

Question submitted by Ward Danekas of Franklin Grove, Ill.

The answer appears to be no. A bird will spend hours tossing a pebble in the air, but it's nearly impossible to discern if it's goofing around or honing its talon-eye coordination. Gordon Burghardt, an expert on animal behavior at the University of Tennessee, defines play as behavior that doesn't seem to have a survival purpose, is rewarding in and of itself, and is performed when an animal is fully fed and stress-free.

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Future Human

Operation: Dark Wolf

Our ancient genetic engineering that turned wolf to dog has made its mark on modern wolves—and may help them survive modern climate

Many millennia ago, man created dog. As the story goes, gray wolves in East Asia took to the comforts of human camp life somewhere between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago. People bred their new canine companions for docility and other favored traits. Dogs then accompanied humans crossing the Bering Strait into the Americas 12,000–14,000 years ago.

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