Everything has a beat. A rhythm. A frequency at which it likes to shake. You can rock most objects off-beat for as long and hard as you like, and not much will happen (see: the career of John Mayer). But start to push and pull in time with the natural frequency—the “resonant” frequency—of the object in question, and it will quite literally start to fall apart, much like the helicopter in the video below.
I always understood resonant frequencies best by thinking of the old-timey toy the paddleball. This uniquely solitary time-waster—Minesweeper for the Greatest Generation—consists of a bouncy red ball attached by elastic string to a small wooden paddle. Success comes when you hit the ball, the elastic pulls it back to the paddle, and you hit it again. And again and again and again. You quickly notice that there’s only one frequency that works, only one rhythm that prevents you from flailing wildly at the stupid little red ball. This is the paddle’s resonant frequency, and in this case, it’s a good thing.
Not so when dealing with bridges, skyscrapers or helicopters, however. Shake these at their resonant frequency, and the back-and-forth motion spells trouble. Each push adds more and more energy to the object—energy that, if not dissipated, starts to wreak havoc. That’s what happens with our Chinook. The rotating blades begin to shake the airframe at its resonant frequency, and physics takes care of the rest: Because the blades are unable to dissipate the excess energy, the convulsions rend them from the fuselage.
According to PopSci’s aviation expert, Bill Sweetman, helicopters are prone to resonant effects, which is why resonance ground testing (as seen in this video) is a standard part of chopper R&D. If both blades in a twin-rotor helicopter share the same heavy vibration and the engine mounts aren’t rock-solid, the energy generated can actually make the motors start moving around the engine mounts, and the next thing you know, that bird’s goose is cooked.
Sweetman also offered up this anecdotal tidbit: “Little-known fact: Charles Kaman, a U.S. heli designer who was also a bluegrass guitar player, combined his knowledge of acoustics and fiberglass (used in rotor blades) to create the Ovation guitar series.” Cue Patsy Cline’s “I Fall to Pieces”. . . —Michael Moyer
Five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month's energy-focused issue. Also: how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world's smallest arcade, and much more.
